Shangzhai Tujia Township, Zhenyuan County, Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province

Shangzhai Tujia Township

Shangzhai Tujia township is located in the southeast of Qiandongnan Prefecture, in the northwest of Zhenyuan County, between 108 ° 37 ′ e to 108 ° 48 ′ E and 27 ° 04 ′ n to 27 ° 20 ′ n, adjacent to Kelou township of cengong County in the East, duping town and Yangchang town of benxian County in the south, Dadi Township in the west, Pingshan Township and wood town of Shiqian County in the north, and 48 km away from the county seat.

geographical position

There are two exit roads in the township, one is Yangshang Road (i.e. Yangchang Shangzhai Road) connecting Zhenyuan to Shiqian third grade oil road, and the other is Shangdi Road (i.e. Shangzhai to Diyin Village Road, wood Town, Shiqian County) connecting cengong to Shiqian third grade oil road. The average altitude of Shangzhai township is 780 meters.

Climate and environment

Shangzhai Tujia township is a subtropical humid monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, mild maintenance and abundant rainfall. The annual average precipitation is 1168.9 mm, the annual average temperature is 16.3 ℃, the annual sunshine is 1790 hours, the relative humidity is 72%, and the frost free period is 285 days. It is suitable for the growth of rice, corn, rape, flue-cured tobacco, Camellia oleifera, sweet potato, potato, soybean, peanut, pumpkin and other crops.

Overview of villages and towns

There are 6 villager committees, 61 villager groups and 48 natural villages in the township, with a total number of 1806 households and a total population of 7116, including 3843 males and 3273 females. There are mainly three ethnic groups in the township, including Han, Dong and Tujia, among which the Tujia population is 6333, accounting for 89% of the total population of the township. The per capita share of grain is 280 kg, and the per capita net income of farmers is 920 yuan. The GDP is 23.95 million yuan, the output value of the primary industry is 22.77 million yuan, the output value of the secondary industry is 950000 yuan, and the output value of the tertiary industry is 150000 yuan. the total area of the township is 75 square kilometers, the soil is mainly yellow brown soil and Baiyan sandy land, of which the forest land area is 4465.6 hectares, the forest coverage rate is 55.9%, and the cultivated land area is 6635 mu, including 3530 mu of farmland and 3105 mu of soil.

national culture

Clothes & Accessories

There are three styles of Tujia clothing in Shangzhai. That is, the clothes are big, the sleeves are big, the trouser legs are big, and the men's and women's heads are wrapped with baotoupa. The woman's coat is opened to the right, which is called "Pipa coat, monk collar", with cloth buttons and big cuffs. There are three conspicuous lace bars at the shoulder, cuff and hem. Big trouser legs, white cloth waist, trouser legs also have three prominent lace cloth poles. Wear embroidered shoes on feet and embroidered waistband around chest. The men's coat is a cardigan with cloth buttons. The trousers are made of blue and white cloth. The waist is made of white cloth, and the legs are big. The feet wear blue cloth and white shoes. Wrap "foot binding" and tie a cloth belt around the waist. When they get married, they wear top hat, embroidered shoes and trousers. The elderly like to wear cotton trousers in winter, cloth shoes and "double nose shoes" on their feet, and tung oil spiked shoes with cloth soles on rainy days.

Tujia folk songs

Tujia people have been living in the deep mountains for a long time, living a life of men farming and women weaving at sunrise and sunset. Their ballads have strong national flavor and earthy flavor, reflecting the era background and life reality of the unearthed family. Ballads mainly include: love song, wine song, narrative song, Muye song, accompany marriage song, weeping marriage song, weeping funeral song and filial piety song. In addition to ballads, there are also oral literature such as auspicious language.

Tujia Dance

Shangzhai Tujia folk dance mainly includes suona dance, Nuo opera dance and hand waving dance. Suona dance is mainly danced by men. When playing suona, accompanied by dance, people will often be intoxicated with it. Nuo opera dance is a unique folk dance of Tujia people, which is handed down from generation to generation. Hand waving dance is a kind of dance that Tujia women are good at. Women take silk scarves in their hands and gently step and drop their arms at the same time. Their dance steps are light and elegant. These Tujia dances are the crystallization of Tujia people's long-term life. They come from life and are constantly sublimated in the long river of time. They have become the treasures of today's Tujia culture.

traditional custom

The Tujia people in Shangzhai have the custom of worshiping the Tuwang. There are big one palace, one bridge, two temples and three pavilions in this area, namely: Yuwang palace, liangtianqiao, Chaoyang temple and Feishan temple. Every village has its own temple. There are many kinds of earth temples, such as "Tianmen land", "ba'ao land", "bridge land", "zhaitou land", "Changsheng land", "Shanshen land" and "seedling land". Every year on the first, fifteenth day and Spring Festival, we should respect the land. The way of offering sacrifices: one small sacrifice in one year and one big sacrifice in three years. According to Liu Zhi, a monk of Chaoyang temple in miaotun village, during the ceremony, besides chanting scriptures and praying for blessings, there are also activities such as singing and dancing, which are very lively.

a suona horn

The Tujia people in Shangzhai have the tradition and technique of playing suona. There are 72 kinds of Suona tunes. The main tunes are dahonghua, Siji Pai, Xinglu Pai, Yingqin Qu, Xie Cha Qu, Baike Qu, seeing off Qu, Shangjiao Pai, Xiajiao Pai, etc. On the occasion of setting up a new house, living in a new house, marrying a bride and celebrating the old man's birthday, the tune of "big red flower" is widely played. The melody is relaxed and lively, the rhythm is smooth and regular, the melody is simple and elegant, and the drummer's skill is high, which makes the festive atmosphere to the climax. "Xinglu Pai", "Bubugao" and "Hexi Pai" are mostly used to pick up new girls, to celebrate the birthday of new owners or old people, and to send plaques. To urge the girl to get on and off the sedan chair, just play the "upper sedan chair sign" and "lower sedan chair sign" with a suona to show that the time has come. The mother's family will arrange the girl to go out as soon as possible, and the mother-in-law's family will also be ready to receive the bride.

Nuo opera

Shangzhai Tujia Nuo opera has a long history. There is no written record of its origin. It is said that a long time ago, Tujia people lived in deep mountains and forests for a long time, had little contact with the outside world, and lived a self-sufficient life in the jungle. Because of the bad natural conditions, natural and man-made disasters often occur. In order to drive away evil spirits, Tujia people wear masks made of bark, dance together, recite exorcism incantations and pray for God's blessing. In the feudal society, Nuo opera became the spiritual sustenance and belief of Tujia people to pray for peace. After passing on from generation to generation, there are still some descendants in Shangzhai Tujia township. The relatively complete Nuo opera script is preserved in Liu anyin, miaotun village, Fengshou village. Nuo opera script is divided into five parts: chasing the soul to make a case, opening the door of heaven, handling the children to solve the evil, reversing the case and opening the mountain to live. The main programs of Dao Gong part are: flying steel Dao on foot, flying over the blade tip, flying man on the top of the blade, crossing the blade bridge, going up the blade platform, going up the blade hill, going up the blade carriage, etc.

Wish to play

The Tujia people's wish play is divided into six parts, namely six scenes. Scene 1: lead the land and lead the troops. Scene two: General of the road, pioneer of the road. Scene 3: Lingguan kid. Scene four: Gan Sheng Ba Lang and Ling Sheng Jiu Lang. Scene 5: selling incense boy, white faced pioneer. Scene 6: Liangshan land. It is often a form of two people singing in unison. The master wears a Dharma suit, wears a mask, and holds a magic weapon in his hand. He sings and dances while playing gongs, drums, iron and other musical instruments. The content of the singing is very funny and often makes the onlookers laugh. The Tujia people of Shangzhai inherited the Xixi opera from the Zeng surname of Shangzhai, and the ranxi group of Luling village was the 18th generation descendant.

Chinese PinYin : Gui Zhou Sheng Qian Dong Nan Miao Zu Dong Zu Zi Zhi Zhou Zhen Yuan Xian Shang Zhai Tu Jia Zu Xiang