Yingcheng economic and Technological Development Zone, Xiaogan City, Hubei Province

Economic-Technological Development Area

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Economic and Technological Development Zone (< I > Economic and Technological Development Zone < / I >) is the first specific area established in coastal open cities in China to develop knowledge intensive and technology intensive industries. Later, it was established nationwide to implement some special preferential policies and measures of special economic zones. From the perspective of development mode, increasing regional economic aggregate is its direct goal, which is mainly driven by foreign investment and manufacturing and processing industries.

According to the data of "2013 China Development Zone investment construction and transformation and Upgrading Research Report", by the end of 2012, there were 171 national economic and technological development zones, including 84 in the East, 49 in the middle and 38 in the west, which spread all over the country's provinces and cities, and generally became an important economic and social development pole in the region.

Development and evolution

Since the establishment of the national economic and Technological Development Zone (hereinafter referred to as the national economic and Technological Development Zone) in the early stage of reform and opening up, the national economic and Technological Development Zone (hereinafter referred to as the national economic and Technological Development Zone) has accumulated important experience in opening to the outside world, system innovation, industrial agglomeration, scientific and technological innovation, intensive land use, urban construction, and played a window, demonstration and radiation role It has become the most dynamic and potential economic growth point of China's economy and the most attractive hot land for investment. In 1984, China established the first batch of national economic and technological development zones in 14 coastal open cities. With the advancement and deepening of reform and opening up, according to the needs of economic construction and social development strategy in different periods, the construction of economic development zones has also expanded from coastal areas to provincial capital cities and regional central cities along the river, along the border and inland. As an important support point of coastal opening strategy, western development, Northeast revitalization and central China rise, ETDZ has made outstanding contributions to the construction of China's all-round, multi-level and wide-ranging opening pattern of "Special Economic Zone coastal open city coastal economic open zone inland". with the accelerated construction of the mainland's national economic development zones, the regional layout of the economic development zones is more reasonable, covering the main economic regions of China. At the same time, the connotation of economic development zone is constantly expanding, the economic level is rapidly improving, and the industrial structure is significantly optimized. It has become an important gathering area of modern industries with the fastest economic development, the highest overall level, the most use of foreign capital, and the best investment environment in China. there are three major backgrounds for the establishment of national development zones in China: first, the need to accept international capital and industrial transfer. The original intention is to attract foreign investment, introduce advanced manufacturing industry, expand export to earn foreign exchange, and replace the import of advanced materials and parts. Second, the promotion and amplification of the successful experience of the SAR. The establishment of economic and technological development zones in coastal cities is an integral part of the opening-up strategy of the special economic zone after its successful experiment. Third, it is an attempt to give full play to the advantages of coastal port cities and combine opening up with the development of domestic industrial base.

Development stage

national development zones can be divided into three stages.

The first stage (1984-1991), the start-up period

From 1984 to 1988, the State Council approved the establishment of 14 national development zones in 12 coastal cities. At this stage, the central government's policy support for the development zones is mainly not reflected in the direct funding, but in the policy and autonomy. On the one hand, the development zones start from scratch, the development foundation is weak, and the construction funds are short; on the other hand, foreign investment in China is still in the stage of trial and wait-and-see, so the overall development achievements of the development zones are not satisfactory. In 1991, the 14 development zones achieved a total industrial output value of 14.594 billion yuan, tax revenue of 790 million yuan, export of 1.14 billion US dollars, contracted foreign investment of 814 million US dollars, and actually utilized foreign investment of 361 million US dollars. By the end of 1991, the total utilized foreign investment was 1.374 billion US dollars. The imported projects are mainly labor-intensive small and medium-sized enterprises with low technology content and few technology transfer. However, at this stage, each development zone has made bold exploration and made arduous efforts to lay the foundation for the next stage of development. First, we have explored the infrastructure construction mode of "capital circulation" development zone with Chinese characteristics, which has the material basis for accelerating development; second, we have gradually established and improved the basic mode and legal system of development zone management. Third, on the basis of the development purpose of "four windows" -- window of technology, window of management, window of knowledge and window of foreign policy, we have established the development policy of "three priorities and one commitment" -- focusing on the development of industry, focusing on the utilization of foreign capital, focusing on the export of foreign exchange and devoting ourselves to the development of high-tech industries. Fourth, a number of talents engaged in the management and investment promotion of development zones have been cultivated. When Comrade Deng Xiaoping inspected the Tianjin Development Zone in 1986, he wrote "there is great hope for the development zone".

The second stage (1992-1998) is a period of rapid development

In 1992, Comrade Deng xiaoping visited the south for the second time and made an important speech. The country implemented the strategy of expanding opening up. In terms of opening up areas, it expanded from coastal areas in the 1980s to coastal areas (Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, etc.), border areas (border areas) and inland provincial capital cities; in terms of opening up areas, it expanded from production areas to financial, trade and other service areas, showing an all-round opening up It's a new situation. In line with this strategy, the number and scale of development zones have been greatly expanded. It has set off a new round of upsurge in opening up and introducing foreign capital. In 1998, the first batch of 14 national development zones achieved a total industrial output value of 186.909 billion yuan, tax revenue of 13.116 billion yuan, and actual foreign investment of 3.252 billion US dollars, an increase of 6.2 times (at constant prices), 8.9 times (at constant prices) and 8 times respectively over 1991, with an average annual growth rate of 32.5%, 38.8% and 36.9% respectively. First of all, multinational companies began to replace the dominant position of small and medium-sized capital. A large number of large projects with investment of hundreds of millions of dollars or even billions of dollars, such as Motorola in the United States, Pacific oil refining in France, Procter & Gamble in the United States, Samsung in South Korea, have entered national development zones. Secondly, the technical content and level of the imported projects have been significantly improved, which has directly promoted the process of China's industrial modernization. National Development Zone has become the biggest hot spot of foreign investment and an important economic growth point of the city. Economic and Technological Development Zone (ETDZ) is regarded as a successful mode of economic development, and its exemplary role is increasingly apparent. There is an upsurge of construction of ETDZ in China. The number of national development zones has increased from 14 to 32.

The third stage (1999-2002), stable development period

at this stage, China began to implement the western development strategy. The state has approved the establishment of national development zones in provincial capitals and capital cities in the central and western regions. The number of national development zones and industrial parks enjoying the policy of national development zones will be increased to 53. on the one hand, the foundation of national development zones is stronger, and the comparative advantage of investment environment is more prominent. Some national development zones with early development and large scale are constantly improving their functions, from pure industrial parks in the early stage to urban new areas with multiple functions such as residence and service. On the other hand, the change of policy and institutional environment, the change of the function of National Development Zone and the aggravation of external competition all challenge the original development mode of National Development Zone, and national development zone is facing the new task of "second venture". In 1999, Vice Premier Wu Yi systematically expounded the connotation of the second pioneering concept of the development zone at the forum celebrating the 15th anniversary of the development zone. To sum up, it mainly has the following meanings: first, optimize the industrial structure and constantly improve the level of open economy; second, unswervingly take the road of development based on connotation; third, give full play to the demonstration and radiation role of the development zone to drive the development of the region, especially the central and western regions; fourth, establish and improve the new system of socialist market economy. In a word, the second pioneering work of the development zone is to shift from relying on preferential policies to relying on the investment environment that has been formed and further improved, especially the investment environment composed of socialist market mechanism, talent training, service and efficiency to attract foreign investors.

The fourth stage (from 2003 to now), the period of scientific development

since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, especially since the Central Committee put forward the scientific outlook on development, profound changes have taken place at home and abroad. China's economic and social development has entered a new stage, ushered in important development opportunities and challenges, and national development zones have also entered a period of scientific development. In 2004, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the founding of the National Development Zone, Premier Wen Jiabao made an important instruction: "in the new stage of development, the construction of the national economic and Technological Development Zone must implement the scientific outlook on development and strive to realize the transformation of the economic system and the mode of economic growth. We should strictly implement the national policies on economic and technological development zones, seriously sum up experience, pay more attention to structural adjustment and optimization and upgrading, pay more attention to the introduction of technology and development innovation, pay more attention to the quality and efficiency of development projects, treasure and make rational use of land, prevent blind pursuit of quantity and scale, and strive to improve the development level of national economic and technological development zones. ”adjust the development policy of the development zone to "three priorities, two commitments and one promotion": focus on improving the quality of absorbing foreign capital, focus on developing modern manufacturing industry, focus on optimizing export structure, and focus on developing high-tech industries

Chinese PinYin : Hu Bei Sheng Xiao Gan Shi Ying Cheng Shi Jing Ji Ji Shu Kai Fa Qu