literature catered to ordinary citizens(shì mín wén xué)

literature catered to ordinary citizens

City literature is developed on the basis of folk creation. It is based on real life and full of optimism. In art, its main technique is satire and its style is lively. Influenced by church literature, it also uses metaphor, allegory and symbolism.

The main forms are short rhyme stories, long narrative poems, lyric poems and drama. Among them, the achievement of long narrative poetry is the highest. The representative works are the legend of the fox and the legend of the rose.

Background

Medieval European literature was formed and matured on the basis of the development of productive forces in feudal society, under the action of unique social contradictions and in the collision of various civilizations and cultures. In the literature of the middle ages, citizen literature is the most abundant and outstanding. The emergence of citizen literature is closely related to the rise of the city. At the beginning of the 12th century, many cities in the South were quite prosperous. With the prosperity of the city, the citizen consciousness is increasingly shown in various fields, and the citizen literature emerges as the times require.

representative work

The representative works of citizen literature include French short story poems, lenahu's story poems, rose legend, citizen drama and citizen lyric poems.

Short story poem

Fabliaux, similar to jokes, was popular from 1170 to 1340. There are about 150 pieces of fabliaux, with more than 50 short lines and more than 1000 long lines. Most of them were produced in northern France, and most of them are anonymous. The short story poem takes the daily life as the description object, and there are often moral lessons at the end of the chapter to summarize the significance of the whole poem. the short story poem often takes the priest as the object of ridicule, exposing the priest's greed, cunning, seducing women and other evil deeds. In the will of the donkey written by Lyubov, it is common for the bishop to cheat money. Even the general clergy have "a lot of clothes, money, wheat filled barns, do whatever they want, and the law and Canon can't restrain them". His other short story poem "friar Denise" describes that friar Simon seduces Denise, the daughter of the knight, and encourages her to run away from home and dress up as a friar. Until one day, he is seen through by a lady: "these people are beautiful in appearance, but they are corrupt inside and pollute the world." "The priest's cow Brennan" describes a farmer who heard the priest preach in the church: "the Catholic Church will double the amount to those who sincerely donate." He donated his cow to the priest, who tied it to his cow. Unexpectedly, the farmer's cow missed his hometown and dragged the priest's cow back to the farmer's home. In St. Peter and the minstrel, a minstrel guards the soul suffering in a boiling bucket in hell. He gambles with St. Peter with his soul. After losing the bet, he accuses St. Peter of cheating and boldly grabs St. Peter's moustache. In the middle ages, the priests lived a very luxurious and corrupt life, but they were fearless in the guise of religion. Their immoral behavior aroused strong dissatisfaction of farmers and citizens, which was reflected in the story. The short story poem also describes the wit, virtue and rebellious spirit of the peasants. The farmer doctor describes a rich farmer beating his wife again and again. His wife takes advantage of the opportunity that the king seeks medical treatment for the princess, saying that her husband is proficient in medical skills, but needs to beat him hard before he is willing to see a doctor. The peasants were beaten and had to go to the palace for treatment. He made all kinds of antics, the princess laughed, fish bone spit out. The king refused to let him go and asked him to treat the patients who came to see him. The farmer ordered to prepare firewood and burn the most seriously ill people to ashes to cure them. So the patient changed his words, and the pain disappeared. This humorous story shows that wisdom comes from the folk, and Moliere rewrites it as Qu Da Cheng Yi. In the peasant's clever argument for entering heaven, a peasant follows an angel to the gate of heaven after his death. St. Peter, St. Thomas and St. Paul block him and claim that the peasant is not allowed to enter heaven. The peasant retorts that he is upright and noble, so why not enter heaven. The peasants pointed out that the saint not only denied God, but also framed others. On the contrary, he lived a pure and charitable life, so he should go to heaven. This poem praises the noble virtues of the peasants, whose refutation of saints is a bold negation of traditional ideas and social prejudice. Gunsdam Duhamel describes three little tyrants in the countryside -- the judicial officer, the forest administrator and the priest of the Lord. They covet the wife of the farmer gunsdam Duhamel and are rejected by her. The three conspired to force her into submission with "need, poverty and hunger.". The priest expelled the farmer from the church, the judicial officer sentenced him to prison, and the forest manager of the Lord occupied the cattle. The ruined farmer took revenge: he put the three men in a big bucket full of feathers and set them on fire. Then he chased them down the street with a big stick and called out the village dogs to pounce on them. The peasants were unwilling to be bullied and oppressed by the ruling forces in the countryside - the church, the feudal nobles and the judges. They could not bear it and punished them severely. From this poem, we can see the hatred and revolt of the Jacques in the middle ages. The short story poem also castigates the ugly thought. "Saddle mattress is divided into two" condemns the abusive father son relationship with money as a link. The hero who saves people accuses "the wicked never know how to be grateful".

Lenahu's story poem

From the second half of the 12th century to the beginning of the 14th century, lenahu's story poems appeared as many as 100000 lines. In the middle ages, the allegory of Fidler and Aesop was popular in France. The author of the poem took the essence and drew nourishment from folk tales. Le Romande renart (C. 1174-1250) is the most important poem about the story of the fox, written by more than one author, including Pierre de Saint Cloud and Richard de lizon. It consists of 26 groups of poems, which are divided into two periods: the first period is from 1174 to 1205, and the second period is from 1205 to 1250. The short story poem is less than 100 lines, and the long one is more than 3000 lines. The early story poem describes the struggle between Lena Fox and Ethan Gran wolf. First, Lena fox tried to cheat cock, tit, cat and crow. It comes to the wolf's nest, flatters the mother wolf and bullies the little wolf. Ethan Gran wanted to revenge and pursued Lena. Lena raped the female wolf in front of the wolf. The wolf complained to the lion king. The Pope's special envoy, camel Mucha, spoke in French, Latin and Italian, with deer and boar on the side of the fox, while schumbren supported the wolf. The deer asked the fox to appear in court. The dog is a judge. The wolf makes the dog play dead and catches the fox. But the trick failed. The fox ran away and was chased by the dogs. The fox went to look for food and cheated the farmer of a piece of ham, but was robbed by the wolf. Fox meets Kitty bell, and cat gets a sausage from two priests. The fox pretended to be dead and took away three eels. The wolf smelled the smell of fried fish. The fox coaxed the wolf to cut his hair and poured boiling water on the wolf's head. The fox asked the wolf to fish in the pond and dip his tail into the water, but he was frozen and beaten by the farmers. The fox steals the hen from the monastery, but falls into the well. It makes the wolf believe that the bottom of the well is heaven. It deceives the wolf, but he runs away. The wolf is beaten by the friars. The cat takes revenge on the fox and saves the cock from the fox's mouth. The lion king will judge the fox to devour the hen, the bear and the cat to convey the imperial edict. On the way, bear greedy honey, mouth stuck in the tree can't pull out. The cat loves mice so much that it falls into the trap. The fox was hanged by the badger and then changed to a pilgrimage. The fox ran away. the later story poem describes that the lion king sees a doctor, but the doctor is helpless and invites the fox. Lena stole the herbal medicine, but said it was from overseas. He wanted to eat it with wolf skin, antler and cat skin, and the cat escaped in time. Fox was accused by all sides, and dueled with Ethan gran. After failure, he was sentenced to hang. The friar saved him, but he stole the Friar's four castrated chickens. The fox confessed and the hermit advised him to go to Rome. He walked with sheep and donkeys and ate and drank in the wolf's house. The fox designed to bind the lion's tail and raped the lioness. It was caught by a snail and sentenced to death. Lena's wife and children offered gold and silver to the lion king and rescued the fox. He met a goose on the grass by the river. He confessed to the goose, but swallowed it up. The lion set out for the crusade. The fox made false news, seized the throne and married the queen. Its war with the lion king was a complete disaster. The lion finally forgave the rebels. In order to be loyal to the fox, Berto gave it a rooster. The rooster let the fox sing and ran away from the fox. The central role of the story poem is lenahu, which depicts all kinds of birds and animals, so it is called "animal epic". The animals in the poem not only have their own biological attributes, but also endow people with social attributes: the fierce big animals are equivalent to the aristocratic ruling class, while the weak animals are the lower class. The story poems focus on the theme of "winning by cunning". Among animals, foxes are known for their cunning, and it is most appropriate to use foxes as the embodiment of cunning. The most popular part of the story poem is about Lena Fox's winning over Ethan Gran wolf and other animals. The fox's cunning sometimes means that the weak win the strong and despise the feudal power. Sometimes it describes the fox's deception and fraud. It is either flattering as a means, or pretending to lie down, or riding people unprepared, clever means, is a superb actor. Its revenge is cruel. There are also reasons for it to make a living. Cunning and cunning are the unique qualities of businessmen. With the development of cities, this kind of consciousness is increasingly influential. It is an ideological weapon for the bourgeoisie among the citizens to fight against the feudal aristocracy. It shows not only the wit of the new class, but also the ferocity of the new class. Ironically, the fox is stronger than it is

Chinese PinYin : shì mín wén xué