Li Chong

Li Chong

Li Chong (birth and death unknown), the word Hongdu, Jiangxia County Zhongwu county (now Anlu City, Hubei Province) people. He was a scholar, literary critic, calligrapher and bibliographer in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was the son of Li Ju, the governor of Jiangzhou, and his mother was the calligrapher's wife Wei.

When he lost his father, he was good at regular script and liked the study of criminal names. He started his career as prime minister (Wang Dao) and joined the army. He served as the commander of Zhongshu (Chu Li), the magistrate of Shan county, and the Minister of dazhuolang. He moved to serve the Minister of Zhongshu and died.

Personal thoughts are mainly reflected in the notes to the Analects of Confucius, learning precepts and other works, which are characterized by Confucianism as the foundation, the study of criminal names, and the integration of Taoism and metaphysics. Literature has made great achievements and the works have been handed down to later generations. Hanlinlun is an important manifestation of the development of Stylistics in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which has a great influence on later literary criticism and compilation of anthology.

Life of the characters

Li Chong is a native of Jiangxia. During the reign of emperor Cheng of the Jin Dynasty, Wang Dao, the prime minister, called him to be the emperor. The transfer room joined the army. He was also the magistrate of Shan county and a great writer, who was ordered to sort out ancient books. Later, he moved to Zhongshu and died in office.

Li chonghao's study of the name of punishment deeply suppressed the vanity of the people. He once wrote a book "learning precepts" to criticize the people at that time for "abandoning the study in excess of rites and hoping to do nothing". However, he didn't mean to disparage Lao Zhuang's theory. He claimed that he wanted to "lead the grand tenet of Taoism and understand the world properly". His literary thoughts are mainly found in Hanlin Lun. This book is a total of 54 volumes, only three volumes remained in the early Tang Dynasty, only recording its comments. Up to now, only eight pieces of lost articles were collected by Yan Kejun of Qing Dynasty from Chuxueji and other books. From these lost articles, he only briefly discussed the different requirements of various styles, and cited some writers as examples. He paid more attention to literary talent and highly praised Kong Rong, Cao Zhi, Pan Yue, Lu Ji and others, but he only thought that "huazao is not the first" in terms of "expression" and "refutation". Because of his brief comments, the preface to Wen Xin Diao Long criticizes him for saying that "the Hanlin is shallow but not important.".

Among Li Chong's poems, mocking friends, recorded in Yutai Xinyong, is the most famous. Among them, such as "good time is not all I have, broad in business like ginseng.". You are separated by the North Mountain Sun, I am separated by the South Sichuan Yin. Jiahui Wangke is obedient, jisian is allowed. The eyes are beautiful, and the ears are beautiful. It is quite true to write the sentences of "cultivating the day and thinking forever, chanting sorrowfully in the distant night". Li Chong's works contain 10 volumes of notes to the Analects of Confucius, 54 volumes of hanlinlun and 22 volumes of anthology according to the book of Sui. There are three poems in existence today, two of which are only the lost sentences quoted from Lei Shu, and they are compiled into the poems of pre Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Nan and Northern Dynasties by Fu Qinli. Most of his Ci Fu and prose are scattered and lost, only a few of which are relatively complete. Yan Kejun compiled them into the whole ancient three dynasties, Qin Han, Three Kingdoms and six dynasties.

Main achievements

official career

According to the biography of the book of Jin, the Prime Minister Wang Daoyu was appointed by Li Chong to join the army, and Chu Li, the general of the northern expedition, was invited to join the army again, filling his family with poverty and struggling to go out It's the magistrate of Shan county. " "If you are worried by your mother, you will be a great writer." He was the Minister of the book and the official of the death. " Li Chong's official history is very clear and can be divided into three stages. The first stage was to serve as the Prime Minister Wang Dao's shogunate, the second stage was to serve as the general of the northern expedition, Chu Li joined the army, except for the magistrate of Shan county, and the third stage was to serve his mother for three years, and then to serve as the chief writer, to make the four bibliographies of emperor yuan of Jin, and to move to serve as the Minister of Zhongshu.

According to Zizhitongjian, Li Chong was appointed Prime Minister of Wang Dao in June of 338, and wrote Xuezhen. Wang Dao died in July the next year. Before that, Li Chong joined the army as a chronicler. This is the first stage of Li Chong's official career. The second stage of Li Chong's official career began in about 345, when Chu Li was appointed general of the northern expedition, and then Li Chong was introduced to join the army. After Li Chong because of family poverty, hard to go out, in addition to Shan county magistrate. According to Zhang Yanyuan's collection of Fashu yaolu in Tang Dynasty, Li Chong's mother, Mrs. Wei, died in the fifth year of Yonghe (349), and Li Chong mourned for three years. The second stage of his official career ended here. Fu Kai, Li Chong's masterpiece, began the third stage of his official career, which is also the most glorious stage of his official career when he bid farewell to the humble positions of staff and county magistrate. Li Chong was in charge of the compilation of national history. In this way, Li Chong was able to "delete the ancient books and divide them into four parts according to their categories", compile the bibliography of the four parts of emperor Jin and yuan, and create the four parts of classics, history, Zi and Ji, which will be used by later generations.

After Li Chong, he moved to Zhongshu Shilang. Zhongshu Shilang was developed from Wei Zhitong Shilang, which was used in Jin Dynasty and ranked fifth. Its function was to draft imperial edicts for the emperor, which was equivalent to Shangshu Lang in Han Dynasty. "In the Wei and Western Jin Dynasties, zhongshujian and Ling accepted and announced the emperor's will, and the minister drafted an imperial edict, which was issued after being approved by the emperor. His position was not high, but he was quite noble. He used more literary talents and served as a ladder for the clan to start (to become an official) Taking up the post of Li, we can see that his talent and learning have been highly valued and his status has been significantly improved.

thought

Li Chong's thoughts are mainly reflected in the Analects of Confucius, Shangshu, Zhouyi Zhi, Shizhuang Lun and Hanlin Lun. Most of these works are lost. Judging from the existing fragments, Li Chong's thoughts are based on Confucianism, good at the study of criminal names, and comprehensive with Taoism and metaphysics.

Li Chong's ideological characteristics of Confucianism are embodied in the notes to the Analects of Confucius. "The Analects of Confucius" contains ten volumes, annotated by Li Chong, the author of Jin Dynasty "Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius, Volume I, written by Li Chong"; "new book of Tang · Yiwenzhi" contains: "Li Chong annotates the Analects of Confucius, Volume 10"; "Qing history manuscript · Yiwenzhi" contains: "Jin Li Chong's Analects annotations, Volume 2". There is no complete edition of Li Chong's notes to the Analects of Confucius. When the emperor Kan of Liang Dynasty wrote the Analects of Confucius, he compiled some notes of Li Chong, which has become an important material for studying Li Chong's Analects of Confucius. Li Chong often called Confucius "sage" in the Analects of Confucius. He respected Confucius very much and set up his image as a Confucian who was tireless in teaching. In addition to respecting Confucius, Li Chong also attached great importance to Confucian thoughts of benevolence, righteousness, morality and propriety and their functions in real life. Filial piety, righteousness and propriety are the core contents of Confucianism. Li Chong attaches great importance to them, which shows that Confucianism occupies a very important position in Li Chong's thought.

The biography of Li Chong in the book of Jin says that Li Chong is "good at learning the name of punishment, and deeply suppresses vanity." "The study of the name of punishment" is one of the important ideological characteristics of Li Chong, which is mainly manifested in his opposition to the social atmosphere of vanity and the people who are not worthy of the name. What can best embody Li Chong's thought of "learning the name of punishment" is his "learning precepts". The social background of Xuezhen is that people are still vain, and its disadvantages are becoming more and more serious. In his preface, Li Chong said: "there are few people who love benevolence and righteousness, while there are many people who benefit from benevolence and righteousness". He thought that fewer and fewer people really practice benevolence and righteousness, and more and more people use benevolence and righteousness to seek fame and fortune. Therefore, "they are afraid to advance backward and confuse them. They will abandon their studies and hope to do nothing" and "to make up for their shortcomings. In order to get rid of the difficulties, we should not violate the principles of Taoism, not exile Li Chong's purpose of writing this article is to curb the vanity of that time and point out a way for the less advanced. Xuezhen reflects Li Chong's idea of upholding the implementation of Confucian benevolence and justice, and also reflects Li Chong's opposition to the social phenomenon that the name does not live up to the reality, and his abhorrence of the immoral behavior of seeking fame and wealth with false benevolence and justice. In the biography of Li Zhong in the book of Jin, it is said that Li Zhong "moved to minister Li Bu Lang to suppress the Chinese competition." Li Zhong said in his playing theory: "the case is like the imperial edict of Guiyou. It is appropriate to uphold honesty and justice, and to dethrone floating competition." It can be seen that Li Zhong is also against the trend of floating empty, and Li Chong's thought of "criminal name" comes down in one continuous line with it. Li Chong praises Li Chong for his "elegance and uprightness" in "new sayings of the world · pinzao", which shows his respect and admiration for Li Chong. During the period when Li Chong was the chief writer of his great works, he "deleted the heavy burden, followed by the category, and divided it into four parts. It was very orderly, and the secret court thought it permanent." "Sui Shu · Jing Ji Zhi" also known as "at the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, gradually more Jiuju.". Li Chong, the author of the book, collated it with Xu's old books, but there are 314 volumes. There is no name for many articles, but a and B are the second. Since then, there is no change. " It is a huge project to write the four bibliographies of emperor Jin and yuan. It is necessary to resist loneliness and be indifferent to fame and wealth. From this, we can see that Li Chong has a pragmatic spirit and practices his thought of "learning the name of punishment and restraining the vanity".

Li Chong was born in the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty. Metaphysics has gone through its heyday. The problems of "Mingjiao" and "nature" and the unity of Confucianism and Taoism were solved by Guo Xiang. The metaphysics in Li Chong's thought embodies the unity of Confucianism and Taoism, which is harmonious between "Mingjiao" and "nature". In addition to Confucianism, Xingming and metaphysics, Li Chong also attached great importance to Taoism. Yu Jiaxi's notes on the new sayings of the world says: "the 597 quotations from Yu Lan are filled with the daily life commandments. The self talker adheres to Taoism and knows that he is good at Taoism." Li Chong studied the Analects of Confucius, Shangshu, Zhouyi and other Confucian classics and Taoist classics Zhuangzi, and "annotated six chapters of Shangshu and Zhouyi Zhi, and two chapters of shizhuangzi Lun." Because of his familiarity with the classics of Confucianism and Taoism, Li Chong often interprets the Analects of Confucius with Lao and Zhuang's thoughts. The idea of Confucianism and Taoism is also reflected in Li Chong's notes to the Analects of Confucius.

literature

Li Chong lived in the era of Emperor Ming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and his hometown is now Anlu and Yunmeng. He was a versatile writer, bibliographer and calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. When he was young, he was poor and devoted to his mother. He was strong in human nature and good at fighting against injustice. At first, he was the magistrate of Shan county. He resigned because of his mother's death. Later, he returned to the court. The official paid homage to his great work, Zuo Lang, and went to Zhongshu to serve him. Because of his rigorous scholarship and profound knowledge, he is also good at poetry and prose. When he was a great writer, he was deeply confused by the handed down classics. Based on the classification of Xunzi in the Western Jin Dynasty, he adjusted Xunzi's four parts: Wujing as part a, Shiji as part B, Zhuzi as part C, and Shifu as part D. he further improved the classification of the four parts, until the Sui book jingjizhi was finalized. Li Chong's life

Chinese PinYin : Li Chong