Zhu Xi

Zhu Xi

Zhu Xi (October 18, 1130 - April 23, 1200) was named huiweng in the late Qing Dynasty. His ancestral home is Wuyuan County, Huizhou prefecture (now Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province). He was born in Youxi County, Nanjian prefecture (now Youxi County, Fujian Province). Neo Confucianism, thinker, philosopher, educator and poet in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Zhu Xi, a 19-year-old Jinshi, once served as the magistrate of Nankang, Jiangxi Province, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, and governor of eastern Zhejiang Province. He was upright and promising, and promoted the construction of academies. Official worship Huanzhang Pavilion Shi system and Shi Shuo, for the song ningzong lectures. In his later years, he was banned by the Party of Qingyuan, and was listed as the "leader of pseudo learning", cutting off officials and worshiping temples. He died in 1200 at the age of 71. Later, he was posthumously conferred the title of "Wen" as Taishi and Duke of Huizhou, so he was called Duke of Zhu Wen.

Zhu Xi is a student of Li Dong, the third disciple of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, who is called Cheng Zhu school together with Cheng. He is the only one who is not a disciple of Confucius and enjoys the worship of Confucius Temple, ranking among the twelve philosophers in Dacheng hall. Zhu Xi is a great master of Neo Confucianism and a representative of Fujian studies. He was honored as Zhu Zi by later generations. His Neo Confucianism had a great influence and became the official philosophy of yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Zhu Xi wrote many works, including four books chapters and sentences, Taiji diagram explanation, general book explanation, Zhouyi reader, Chuci collection, and later generations compiled Zhu Zi Daquan and Zhu Yuxiang. Among them, Si Shu Zhang Ju Ji Zhu became the standard of textbook and imperial examination.

(< I > picture in the overview: < / I > < I > collection of Taipei Palace Museum < / I > < I >)

Life of the characters

Study at a young age

Zhu Xi was born on September 15 of the lunar calendar (October 18, 1130) in the fourth year of Jianyan in the Song Dynasty. He was born in the zhengyizhai Library (now Nanxi Academy) in Shuinan County, Youxi County, and was named Shen Ying. When Zhu Xi was born, there were seven black moles in the right corner of his eye, arranged like the Big Dipper.

In the fifth year of Shaoxing in the Song Dynasty (1135), when he was five years old, Zhu Xi began to enter primary school. He could understand the book of filial piety, and wrote a self exhortation in the book: "if not, he would not be an adult." At the age of six, Zhu Xi played with qun'er and painted eight trigrams on the sandbank in front of Zheng's house. Ask your father about the sun and the sky.

In 1137, Zhu song was called to the capital. Before he went to the capital, he sent his wife Zhu Shi and Zhu Xi to live in Pucheng, Jianzhou.

In 1143, Zhu song died of illness in Jian'ou. On his deathbed, he entrusted Zhu Xi to Liu Ziyu (Zhu Xi's adoptive father), a good friend of Wu Fu in Chong'an (now Wuyishan City), and wrote to three well-educated friends, Liu Zihui (Pingshan), Liu Mianzhi (Baishui) and Hu Xian (Jixi), to educate Zhu Xi. Liu Ziyu regarded Zhu Xi as if he had come out, and placed Zhu Xi's family in a building near his house, which was called Ziyang building.

In 1147, at the age of 18, Zhu Xi took the examination of Gongsheng in Jianzhou rural examination.

In the spring of 1148, Liu Mianzhi betrothed his daughter Liu Qingsi to Zhu Xi. In March of the same year, Zhu Xi entered the imperial examination of the capital, ranking the fifth and the ninetieth in the list of Wang Zuo, and he was granted the Jinshi background.

A new official career

In the 21th year of Shaoxing (1151), Zhu Xi entered Duquan examination center again, and was awarded Zuo di Gonglang and Quanzhou Tong'an county master.

In the summer of 1153 (the 23rd year of Shaoxing), Zhu Xi went to Tongan and studied in Li Dong of Yanping. In autumn and July, Zhu Xi came to Tong'an. He managed the county affairs with the law of "upholding etiquette and righteousness, respecting customs, impeaching officials and traitors, and retiring the people", eliminated the fighting between Tongan and Jinjiang counties, rectified the county schools, advocated the construction of "jiaositang", advocated the construction of "jingshige" in the Dacheng Hall of the Confucian temple, and advocated the reduction and exemption of the general manager's making money.

In the 27th year of Shaoxing (1157), Zhu Xi finished his term of office.

In the 28th year of Shaoxing (1158), Zhu Xi had realized that "seeking immortality from the Buddha, demoralizing the people, dissipating national power, and hindering the rejuvenation of the country". He planned to set foot on the road of seeking a teacher again, determined to worship Li Dong as a teacher, because he inherited the orthodoxy of Cheng's "Luoxue", which laid the foundation of Zhu Xi's later theory. Inscribed "kite flying fish leaping" four character plaque.

Zhu Xi returned to Tongan, did not seek to be an official, but mainly engaged in education and writing activities. In the 32nd year of Shaoxing (1162), Emperor Xiaozong of Song Dynasty ascended the throne and appealed for the opinions of his subjects. In response to the imperial edict, Zhu Xi strongly advocated anti peace, anti Buddhism and anti Confucianism, and detailed his opinions on giving lectures, making clear the reason, making a plan to recover, and being virtuous and practicing politics.

In October of the first year of Longxing (1163), Zhu Xi entered duiqiao hall and played three notes to song Xiaozong: the first one was on the theory of sincerity and seeking knowledge from things; the second one was on the theory of heresy of the old and the Buddha; the second one was on the Revenge of the foreign invaders; the third one was on the theory of internal political practice; the third one was on the flattering and trusting officials. But at that time, Tang Si retired as prime minister and advocated peace. Zhu Xi's idea of resisting Jin was not adopted. In November, the imperial court appointed Zhu Xi as a doctor of martial arts in Guozijian. When Zhu Xi resigned, he asked his ancestral temple to return to Chongan.

In August of 1167, Zhu Xi, accompanied by Lin Zezhi and fan niande, went to Tanzhou (now Changsha) to visit the representative of Huxiang school. Donggui luanzi was completed.

In 1168, a flood occurred in Chong'an. Zhu Xi urged the rich people to collect millet for famine relief, and asked the government for a loan of 600 grains to distribute to the people so that the people would not go hungry.

In 1169, Zhu Xi realized the wrong of "the old theory of neutralization", reread Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi's works with the thought of "respect" and "double cultivation", and created "the new theory of neutralization" from a new angle. This is an epoch-making and far-reaching event in the academic history, marking the maturity of Zhu Xi's philosophy.

Han Quan's works

In September 1169, Zhu Xi's mother died. Zhu Xi built Hanquan jingshe to guard his mother's tomb, which began the six-year writing period of Hanquan.

In May of the seventh year of Qiandao (1171), in order to fundamentally solve the livelihood problem of the people in the disaster year, she Cang was established in Wufu. This practice can alleviate the difficulties of the poor, ease social contradictions, and also reduce the pressure of the imperial court. Later, it was imitated by many places. In November, Zhu Xi returned to Youxi, where he talked with the magistrate and his friend Shi Zi about the county school. Accompanied by Shi Zizhong, he visited the former site of "Wei Zhai", where his father Zhu song was a lieutenant in Youxi County. He wrote "Wei Zhai Jiu Zhi" in calligraphy and carved stone to unveil the list.

In the ninth year of Qiandao (1173), he wrote the record of rebuilding Youxi temple, and the plaque of Minglun hall was hung in the main hall of Youxi school. From then on, all the plaques of the academic palaces in the world were engraved and hung like this.

In the first month of the second year of Chunxi (1175) of the Song Dynasty, Lu Zuqian visited Zhu Xi from Dongyang, Zhejiang Province. He gathered in Hanquan jingshe for one and a half months and compiled jinsilu, which is known as the "meeting of Hanquan". In May, Lu Zuqian was sent to the e Lake Temple (now the e Lake academy) in Xinzhou. Lu Jiuling, Lu Jiuyuan and Liu Qingzhi all came to the meeting, which is known as the "e Lake meeting" in history. The direct cause of the meeting was that Lu Zuqian wanted to use this opportunity to reconcile the contradiction between Zhu and Lu's theories. Academically, Zhu Xi thinks that mind and reason are two different concepts. Reason is noumenon and mind is the subject of cognition. Er Lu maintains that mind and reason are the same thing, and insists on the unity of subject and object with mind. Zhu Xi and Lu brothers debated and lectured for ten days. The meeting did not achieve the goal of unifying the thoughts of both sides, but it made them have a further understanding of each other's thoughts and their differences, and also prompted them to reflect on their own thoughts consciously or unconsciously.

Study in ChuZhong

Zhu Xi had visited Chu Zhong many times in his life. In the eighth year of Qiandao (1172) of the Southern Song Dynasty, Qizhou established a professor's Hall in the east of Qizhou studies. At the request of Li zongsi, a professor of Qizhou studies, Zhu Xi wrote a record of professor's Hall of Qizhou studies on Renzi day in July of the ninth year of Qiandao (1173). Zhu Xi's good friend, Li Bojian, was appointed by the imperial court to teach in Qizhou in Eastern Hubei. When Zhu Xi heard about it, he enthusiastically wrote a preface to send Li Bojian, which fully praised Li's moral character and knowledge. In the preface, he also strongly encouraged: "today's scholars who hear about salary will naturally rise in learning, and those who know the way of self-cultivation, family management, governing the country and pacifying the world are the cultivation of his moral character It's also true. "

According to the records of Huangzhou Prefecture and school, Li Shenjian, the prefect of Huangzhou Prefecture, lived in the school Palace during qiandaojian period (1165-1173), and Zhu Xi wrote the records of the ancestral temple of Mr. Cheng in Huangzhou Prefecture for him in September of 1192. All the above "two notes and one preface" are loaded into the complete works of Zhu Zi. In his later years, he gave lectures on Confucius mountain temple (Wenjin Academy). The portrait of Zhu Zi in Wenjin Yuanzhi written by Guangxu of Qing Dynasty praises the article: "since Song Dynasty, the academy has collected a small shadow of Zhu Zi. In the 55th year of Kangxi, jingzhihao, Wang Hanye, Liu Feng and other officials established the God. Its small shadow is specially hung in the spring and Autumn period to pay homage to the later God. In the 52nd year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Xiaoying was employed as an employee. Xiaoying was lost in the war in Xianfeng. I sincerely know its inscription: "Cang Yan is ten years ago. Looking back at the mirror, I feel sad.". I'll pay for the rest of the day. At the end of the volume is Zhu Xi's title on February 8 of the Gengshen reign in the Qing and Yuan Dynasties of the Southern Song Dynasty. According to Zhu zizu, he was seventy-one years old in March. This inscription is his last

Qingyuan Gengshen is the last ink treasure left in the world before the death of Zhu Xi in 1200 ad.

In 1716, the 55th year of Emperor Kangxi, the emperor of Qing Dynasty, jingzhihao, the administrator of Wenjin academy, hung the old statue of Zhuzi for scholars to worship.

In 1787, Wenjin academy employed a statue of Zhu Zi for sacrifice.

Rebuilding the Academy

In the fifth year of Chunxi (1178), Emperor Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty was appointed Zhu Xi, who knew that the Nankang army was also in charge of the agricultural affairs. In March of the sixth year of Chunxi, Zhu Xi took office. When Zhu Xi took office, he began to build water conservancy projects to fight against natural disasters and save famine. He begged for tax exemption in Xingzi County so that the victims could live. October,

Chinese PinYin : Zhu Xi