No name

Pistachio

Pistacia vera (scientific name: < I > Pistacia vera < / I > L.) belongs to the genus Coptis of lacqueraceae. Small trees, 5-7 m high. Odd pinnate compound leaves alternate, with 3-5 leaflets, petiole flat above, wingless or narrowly winged. Panicle 4-10 cm long, inflorescence axis and branches puberulent; ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm long, style ca. 0.5 mm long. Fruit larger, oblong, about 2 cm long, about 1 cm wide, apex acute, with a slender tip, mature yellow green to pink.

The bark and kernel are used as medicine, and the seed can extract oil.

It grows in Syria, Iraq, Iran, southwest of the Soviet Union and southern Europe; it is cultivated in Xinjiang, China.

(overview drawing reference source)

morphological character

Small trees, 5-7 m high; branchlets stout, cylindrical, striate, gray puberulent or subglabrous, with protuberant lenticels, young branches often hairy. odd pinnate compound leaves alternate, with 3-5 leaflets, usually 3; petiole flat above, wingless or narrowly winged, puberulent or subglabrous; leaflets leathery, ovate or broadly elliptic, 4-10 cm long, 2.5-6.5 cm wide, terminal leaflets larger, apex obtuse or acute, cuspidate, base broadly cuneate, round or truncate, lateral leaflets base often asymmetric, entire, sometimes slightly wrinkled Leaves glabrous, glabrous, slightly glossy, abaxially sparsely puberulent; leaves sessile or almost sessile. panicle 4-10 cm long, inflorescence axis and branches puberulent, striated, male inflorescence broad, flowers dense; male flower: perianth (2 -) 3-5 (- 6), oblong, different sizes, long (1 -) 2-2.5 mm, membranous, margin with curly eyelashes; stamen 5-6, long 2-3 mm; female flower: perianth 3-5 (- 9), oblong, long (1 -) 2-3 (- 4-5) mm, membranous, margin with curly eyelashes; ovary Ovoid, ca. 1 mm, style ca. 0. 5 mm. fruit larger, oblong, ca. 2 cm long, ca. 1 cm wide, apex acute, apiculate, yellowish green to pink at maturity.

Growth habit

Pistacia pistachio is light loving, cold resistant, drought resistant and barren tolerant. It grows slowly. It usually blooms and bears fruit in 9-10 years, and bears more fruit in 20-30 years. In Kashi, Xinjiang, it takes about 110 days for early maturing varieties and 130 days for late maturing varieties. The growth period is about 180-210 days.

geographical distribution

Pistacia vera is produced in Syria, Iraq, Iran, southwestern Soviet Union and southern Europe; it is cultivated in Xinjiang, China.

Main varieties

Precocious pistachio

Produced in Shufu County, Xinjiang. The tree is weak and its branches often bend and droop. The lenticels are white and obvious, round and prominent. The leaves are glossy green. The fruit is nearly oval, 1.9 cm in longitudinal diameter and 1.0 cm in transverse diameter, red at the top and on the sunny side, with obvious stripes on the peel and medium fruit setting rate.

Pistachio brachycarpa

Produced in Shufu County, Xinjiang. The trees are of medium height. The leaf surface is smooth with sparse hairs. The fruit is ovoid, yellowish white, 2.1 cm in longitudinal diameter and 1.3 cm in transverse diameter, with low fruit setting rate. It is less cultivated in Kashgar.

Pistachio longicola

Produced in Kashi, Xinjiang. The fruit is long ovoid, with red halo, apical tip, 2.5 cm in longitudinal diameter and 1.1 cm in transverse diameter. It is one of the most promising varieties with high fruit setting rate, high yield, strong growth and big fruit type.

Kerman

Introduced from Iran in 1957 in California, USA, it is a fine variety bred after many years of cultivation experiments. Its main characteristics are vigorous growth, large female plant and fruit, single nucleus weight of 1.3 g, green kernel, good quality, late flowering and high yield. China was introduced to Xinjiang in 1998 and Henan in 1999. It has entered the early fruiting stage and is one of the varieties with more popularization value.

Notrolo

Sicily is a major American variety, which belongs to the Central Asia Group. It has large fruit, green seed, high cracking rate, but poor flavor. It was introduced into Henan Province in 1999. The results showed that it had a large amount of pollen and could be used as a pollinating tree for Kerman and other varieties.

Dahan

Introduced from Iran to the United States in 1962, the United States has a certain cultivation area. It has vigorous growth, large fruit, good quality, high yield and late flowering. It was introduced into Henan Province from the United States in 1999, and is one of the varieties with more promotion value.

Sarrile

It is the main variety in Australia. It has moderate tree vigor, large fruit, white kernel, high quality, high yield, easy to bear fruit and high fruit setting rate. Introduced from Australia to Henan Province in 2001, it is one of the most valuable varieties in Northwest China.

Methods of reproduction

Pistacia vera can be propagated by sowing, tillering, layering and grafting. The seedling of Pistacia vera L. can well show the excellent characters of its mother. Seeds should be treated first in sowing propagation. The methods include stratification treatment for 45-50 days, or soaking seeds in 40 ℃ warm water for 12-15 hours half a month before sowing, and accelerating germination for 9-10 days at 28-30 ℃. Seeds can be sown when they are unearthed. Pistacia Pistacia is usually used as rootstock for grafting propagation. The grafted seedlings with Pistacia chinensis as rootstock grew stronger than the seedlings, and could enter the fruiting stage 1-2 years earlier. The fruit size was large, and the quality and flavor were improved. Green branch cutting or ventral grafting is often used in grafting. If a small number of plants are planted in front of and behind the house, the layering method can be used to propagate. Generally, the layering method of horizontal, curved branches or piling soil is used. The seedlings propagated by this method grow healthily and are conducive to early fruiting.

cultivation techniques

Choice of garden construction

Pistacia vera is suitable to be planted in light clay soil or calcareous sandy loam with relatively deep soil layer. When there is too little calcareous in the soil, it will not grow well and is sensitive to salt. Pistachio orchards can be built on the hillside land which is drought resistant and barren resistant, but not waterlogging resistant. It will wither after 10 hours of waterlogging and is not suitable for planting other fruit trees. Pistacia vera blooms early. In order to avoid the damage of late frost, we can choose to build gardens on the hillside which is not affected by cold wind. In the Intermountain basin, the enclosed trough plot is easy to be damaged by late frost, so it is not suitable to build pistachio orchards. On the back shady slope, Pistacia vera has a late phenological period, which can reduce the harm of late frost and build gardens.

Planting density

Pistacia vera is a light loving tree species with large crown, open tree posture and crown diameter up to 3-6 meters. Therefore, it should not be planted too closely. The spacing between plants and rows is generally 3 m x 5 m, 4 m x 4 m and 4 m x 6 m. Intercropping can be carried out within 5-10 years after planting.

Pollination tree configuration

Pistacia vera is dioecious, so pollination trees should be arranged reasonably when planting. Generally, the ratio of female to male is 8-24:1. In the old American pistachio garden, the ratio of female to male plants was 8:1, and that in the new garden was 24:1. Multiple varieties should be planted in the same orchard to make the varieties pollinate each other and increase the fruit size, kernel and pulp.

Seedling planting

In order to improve the survival rate of seedlings, the roots of seedlings were soaked in 1% copper sulfate solution for 5 minutes, then soaked in 2% lime water for 1 minute, and then dipped in 0.06% - 0.08% rooting powder or 0.2% - 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution before planting. 10 kg of organic fertilizer and 0.3-0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer are applied to each planting hole. The fertilizer is mixed with the soil evenly. The soil is filled and compacted at the same time. When it is 10 cm above the ground, it is piled into a steamed bread shape. Then the seedlings are placed on the planting point to stretch the root system of the seedlings. Then, the seedlings are lifted properly while filling the soil to make the root system fully contact with the soil. The seedlings should be compacted with feet and irrigated immediately after planting.

Shaping and pruning

Pistacia vera has strong dryness, so it is suitable to adopt layered tree with trunk. The growth of its main and lateral branches is usually 90 degree branch angle regularly, and pruning is generally combined with fruit picking. The fruiting branches were cut short from the 2-3 leaf nodes at the base, which promoted the axillary buds at the base to draw out strong new shoots in the next year and become fruiting branches.

Soil, fertilizer and water management

In general, deep ploughing of trees or deep ploughing of the whole garden should be carried out in autumn or spring combined with application of base fertilizer. Organic fertilizer should be the main fertilizer, and chemical fertilizer can be applied appropriately in summer. The fertilization depth of young trees is 20-60 cm, and that of big trees is 40-80 cm. The fertilization can be carried out before flowering (middle and late March), new shoot growth period (middle and late May), fruit expansion period (June), and flower bud differentiation period (new shoot nearly stops growing). In the early stage, nitrogen fertilizer was mainly applied, 225-300 kg per hectare. It can also spray 0.3% - 0.5% urea, 0.3-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 0.5% ammonium phosphate at fruit setting stage and flower bud differentiation stage. Although pistachio pistachio has strong drought resistance, in order to ensure the yield and quality, it is necessary to irrigate the pistachio pistachio at appropriate time according to the water requirements of different growth stages in the case of water shortage and drought, and pay attention to drainage when there is too much rain. In order to enhance the overwintering ability of trees and the growth and Fruiting of the next year, irrigation should be combined with autumn tillage before winter.

Pest control

Pistacia vera belongs to xerophytic dry fruit tree, with less disease, but it will appear leaf spot and root rot in rainy conditions. Spraying from the early stage of the disease to prevent the spread of the disease. The commonly used fungicides are 20% silazole · prochloraz 1000 times solution, 38% oxadiazole 800-1000 times solution or 4% flusilazole 1000 times solution, 50% tobazine 1000 times solution, 70% mancozeb 500 times solution, 80% mancozeb 400-600 times solution, 50% captan 500 times solution, etc

Chinese PinYin : Wu Ming Zi