Fang xiaobiao

Fang xiaobiao

Fang xiaobiao (1617-1697), originally named Xuancheng, was born in Tongcheng, Anhui Province.

Xiaobiao youth was in the tumultuous autumn of the late Ming Dynasty. At the age of 17, they moved to Jinling with their parents. Shunzhi six years (1649) Jinshi, tired palace to the Hongwen academy to study bachelor, sit in exile ningguta, after the release. In 1663, he lived in Yangzhou, then went to Hangzhou and Fujian. In the ninth year of Kangxi, he entered Yunnan and became an official of Wu Sangui. According to what I heard and saw in Yunnan and Guizhou in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, I wrote a chronicle of Yunnan and Guizhou. Dai mingshiruo's collection of Nanshan in Tongyi city is full of his words.

After the famous world was disaster, and filial piety mark. When xiaobiao was dead, there were many people who dug tombs and filed bones, and their relatives died and migrated.

Life of the characters

Fang xiaobiao, formerly known as Xuancheng, was born in Tongcheng, Anhui Province, avoiding the taboo of Emperor Kangxi Xuanye. He was born in 1617, the 45th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty. He was a Jinshi in 1649, the sixth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty. His father, Fang Gongqian, had a lot of literary talent during the reign of Tianqi in Ming Dynasty, and he was a Jinshi in the first year of Chongzhen. After the Qing Dynasty entered the pass, he cut his braids and went to the palace to do shaozhan work. (it is the official who counsels the crown prince, commonly known as the east palace official. It was set up in the Hongwu Period of the Ming Dynasty. In 1712, it was deposed after the establishment of the crown prince.

The 18th year of Qianlong (1753) decreed: "the eastern palace of zhanshifu was not built, and its officials could not have been set up. The first step was to enter the Imperial Academy, and Gu Liu was to prepare for the CI officials to move to Di'er". Since then, the officials of zhanshifu have specially prepared the funds for the Imperial Academy to move to Di'er. " But not long after that, Fang Gongqian was impeached for taking bribes and cheating in Jiangnan imperial examination hall. He once distributed ningguta. Fang xiaobiao was also exiled because of his father's crime. Before that, he was a Bachelor of Arts in Hongwen academy, and he was released two years later. It is said that in 1663, Fang xiaobiao was appointed to Yunnan by the imperial court and was detained in Yunnan by Wu Sangui Hanlin. Wu Sangui's rebellion came to light. He surrendered first and was saved from death. Later, because of his literary talent, he was awarded the national calligraphy dragon card by Prince Fuquan, the elder General of Kangxi, and returned to Nanjing. In Nanjing, Fang xiaobiao became a monk and his legal name was Fang Kong. Based on what he saw and heard in Yunnan and Guizhou during the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, he wrote a book named "records of Yunnan and Guizhou". Another theory is that Fang xiaobiao went to Yunnan to visit his relatives and friends and visit mountains and rivers. Wu Sangui knew that Fang xiaobiao was very talented, so he forced him to stay in his subordinate as an official. After Dai Mingshi's case, Fang xiaobiao has died. Because his book Nanshan Ji discusses Fang xiaobiao's Yunnan Guizhou Ji Wen, and the time and date recorded in this book are more than Nanshan Ji in the name of "Hongguang", "Longwu" and "Yongli" of Nanming, Dai xiaobiao's work Nanshan Ji has been involved in the case. Naturally, Fang xiaobiao can't let go of it, even if he is only one person at this time For the sake of "national hatred", Kangxi, who was famous all his life, allowed Fang xiaobiao's proposal to frustrate his bones and raise his ashes. The accusation was that he was heartbroken and rebellious. In the article, there were many words against the emperor and his relatives. He ignored the righteousness of the monarch and his relatives, the law of the country and the principle of heaven. Even if he was dead, he should be guilty. Therefore, a farce of killing the corpse and raising his ashes was staged, and all the scholars pointed out. Fang xiaobiao has died and is still guilty. His descendants and people will not be let go. His son Fang Dengyi and others will be cut off. All the women in the family, except those who marry, will be exiled to ningguta as official slaves. Later, in 1713, Kangxi seemed to think that the killing of Dai and Fang was too serious, and ordered Fang Dengyi and Fang xiaobiao's nephews to be lenient and not to die.

The rebellion of Wu Sangui may make Kangxi too resentful, so the people who had been Wu Sangui's officials were also resented by Kangxi. For the case of Fang xiaobiao, Kangxi ordered that: this case has been discussed with the Minister of the central court, and the people with the surname of Fang involved in the case are all heinous and rebellious. Fang Guangchen even became the Prime Minister of Wu Sangui, and Fang xiaobiao was also under Wu Sangui As a senior official, those who disobeyed the imperial court's benevolence and worked for the tiger could not pacify me. Kangxi also ordered the Fang clan to move out of their original place and not stay here. This kind of punishment is too much. Since the other party's filial piety standard has been disheartened, his descendants and his relatives' wives and daughters have been exiled as slaves, and other ethnic groups have to be involved in moving to other places. The cruelty of autocratic emperors can be seen clearly. In fact, Emperor Kangxi and a group of senior investigators here made a mistake of "Zhang Guanli Dai". Fang Guangchen, who was the prime minister under Wu Sangui, was not a member of the Fang family in Tongcheng and had no kinship with Fang xiaobiao. Fang Guangchen was born in Shexian County, Anhui Province. His son Fang Xueshi and others were also officials under Wu Sangui. In Dai Mingshi's collection of Nanshan, Fang Xueshi did not refer to Fang xiaobiao, but Fang Xueshi, Fang Guangchen's son. Kangxi also asked the court officials whether Fang Xueshi could be the one who missed the net. The court officials replied that they did not know. Because the poems and scholars were translated into Manchu, they were homophonic He mistook Fang Xueshi for Fang Xueshi. Later, he looked up the genealogy and found that there was no blood relationship between Fang family in Shezhou and Fang family in Tongcheng.

After the death of Kangxi, Yongzheng was granted amnesty, and the affected fangs were also pardoned and allowed to return to their original places. Emperor Kangxi is outstanding in many emperors in history. His virtue is not inferior to that of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin. The Li family of Emperor Tang is the descendant of Xianbei. This seems to be a consensus. Li Shimin is broad-minded and has no difference between Chinese and foreigners. He has never killed and denounced the nostalgic writings of the former dynasty. The Emperor Kangxi is in vain to know western physics and arithmetic, but he can't tolerate it The "small" of their hearts also reflected their "humble ugliness". Zhao Shenqiao, as the initiator of the Dai and Fang cases, is even more mean hearted. Some people argue that Zhao Shenqiao's son and Dai Mingshi share the same family. Zhao Zhaoxiong, the number one scholar of Zhao Shenqiao, and Dai Mingshi, the number one scholar of Dai Mingshi, may have a grudge against him. It's also possible that Dai Mingshi was famous at that time, and Shilun thought that Dai was the only champion, but Zhao Zhaoxiong, Zhao Shenqiao's son, was finally selected. At that time, people thought that Zhao Shenqiao had done something from it. Maybe even Dai Mingshi thought so. Under misunderstanding, it is possible to form a grudge. If so, Zhao Shenqiao hypocritical said he was loyal to the monarch, patriotic and honest, it would be even more despicable.

Main works

Fang xiaobiao, based on what he saw and heard in Yunnan and Guizhou during the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, wrote a book named "records of Yunnan and Guizhou".

Fang xiaobiao is also the author of chunzhai anthology, chunzhai poetry anthology and guangqitang anthology. The anthology of chunzhai poems is known as a supplement to the history by poems. Its two poems are the tragic historical picture of the collapse of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and its poem empty village vividly describes the barren village scene of successive years of war. Fang xiaobiao spent his whole life traveling to Yunnan and Guizhou, Hunan and Fujian, and Wu and Yue. Therefore, many poems in chunzhai poetry anthology describe beautiful mountains and rivers and honest folk customs.

Anecdotes of characters

The case of Fang xiaobiao was also involved in the case of Dai Mingshi. The two cases were handled together, involving more than 100 people who were killed, jailed and exiled. The Tongcheng school, which started in the Ming Dynasty, had a wide influence in Jiangnan. Dai Mingshi and Fang xiaobiao, the two clans of Tongcheng school, were the outstanding ones in Tongcheng school and had great prestige. Fang Bao, Fang xiaobiao's nephew, was a great master of literature and history. However, at the time of Dai Mingshi's case, Fang xiaobiao had already died, but the rulers of the Qing Dynasty were so crazy that they broke up his body. The rulers' mind made the Han students lament.

The Fang family in Tongcheng, Anhui Province is famous for its ancient prose. It is a family of talented people from generation to generation. It can be called the scholarly family. It has made the most contributions to the academic culture and moral history since the middle of Ming Dynasty. In modern and contemporary times, Tongcheng Fang's family is famous in large numbers. For example, Fang Zongcheng, Fang Dongshu, Fang shoudun, Fang Xiaoyue, Fang Dongmei, Fang Lingru, Fang Guide (Shuwu), Fang Zhi, Fang Hongshou, Fang Zige, Fang Zhaoxiang and so on. Of course, Fang Hongjian in Qian Zhongshu's novel Fortress Besieged does not count. However, we can see that Qian Zhongshu takes the surname of Fang as his surname. In the book, it is also said that it is the fragrance of the books of the past dynasties.

Tongcheng Fangshi not only created the profound "Tongcheng Fangshi Yixue school", but also created the "Tongcheng School" which dominated the literary world of the Qing Dynasty for more than 200 years. Liang Shiqiu once said with exaggeration to the Fang family of Tongcheng, a famous scholar family in the world: "the Fang family of Tongcheng is probably second only to the Kong family of Qufu." Zhu YIZUN said: "the prosperity of Fang's talent is in the mouth of Anhui Province, and Mr. Mingshan really dredges its source. The scholars in Southeast China have their own aspirations. " Fang family in Tongcheng carried forward the tradition of Fang's calligraphy culture to the peak and made great contributions to Fang's fame. However, Fang family had been wronged in this literary prison.

Chinese PinYin : Fang Xiao Biao