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Fangguan (697-763) was born in Goushi, Henan Province. The Prime Minister of the Tang Dynasty was the son of Fang Rong.

Fang Guan was born in the Fang family of Qinghe. He was selected as a student of Hongwen school. He successively served as a school scholar, a county magistrate of Fengyi, a county magistrate of Lushi, a censor, a prefect of muzhou, a master doctor, a minister of geishizhong, and a prefect of Yichun. After the outbreak of an Shi rebellion, Tang Xuanzong was escorted into Shu county to worship the Minister of Li Department and Tongping Zhangshi.

After Tang suzong ascended the throne, he was ordered to assist him. He was highly valued and entrusted with the task of suppressing rebellion. Chen Tao was defeated by Chen Tao. Under the advice of he lanjinming, Cui yuan and others, he gave up being Prince Shaoshi. He took part in the recovery of Chang'an and was canonized as the Duke of Qinghe County. He was also the Minister of rites, the governor of the three prefectures of Jin and Han, and the prince's guest.

In the first year of Guangde (763), he was granted the Secretary of the Ministry of punishment. When he died on the way, he gave it to Taiwei. There is one poem in the whole Tang poetry.

Life of the characters

Early experience

Fang Guan was very studious and calm when he was young. He became a student of Hongwen school with his family's kindness. He lived in seclusion with LV Xiang in luhunshan (now Luoyang) for more than ten years and devoted himself to study.

In 724 (the 12th year of Kaiyuan), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty wanted to seal Mount Taishan. Fang Guan wrote a Book of Fengchan to the emperor. Zhong Shu makes Zhang admire his talent very much, and recommends him as secretary of the provincial school book Lang, then transferred to Feng Yi county. Soon after, Fang Guan resigned, took part in the examination of "can be a magistrate" and was appointed as the magistrate of Lushi County. He has made outstanding achievements and is deeply loved by the people.

He was relegated many times

In 734 (the 22nd year of Kaiyuan), Fang Guan was promoted to the rank of censor. He was convicted of improper judgment and demoted to the rank of muzhou Si Hu. Later, he served as the county magistrate of Cixi, Songcheng and Jiyuan. He set up a cause that was beneficial to the common people, got rid of the malpractice, repaired the official houses, and gradually spread the reputation of being capable.

In 742 (the first year of Tianbao), Fang Guan served as the guest member wailang. In 744 (the third year of Tianbao), he was promoted to be a master and guest doctor.

In 746 (five years of Tianbao), Fang Guan was promoted to Shizhong, and was granted the title of Zhangnan County male. At that time, Emperor Xuanzong changed the hot spring palace into Huaqing Palace, built a hundred official offices around the palace, and ordered Fangguan to preside over the renovation. However, before the completion of the project, Fang Guan was demoted to be the prefect of Yichun county because of the involvement of Li Shizhi and Wei Jian. Later, he successively served as the prefect of langye County, Ye County and Fufeng County.

As prime minister

In 755 (the fourteenth year of Tianbao), Fang Guan was drafted back to the imperial court and served as the son of Zuo Shu. Later, he was appointed as the Minister of the constitution department.

In 756 (the 15th year of Tianbao), an Shi rebel forces invaded Chang'an, and Tang Xuanzong left hundreds of officials and fled to Shu. Fang Guan, together with brothers Zhang Jun and Zhang Xun, chased him through the night. When they arrived at the mountain temple more than ten miles south of Chang'an City, Zhang Jun's brothers refused to move on because their families were still in the city, but Fang Guan continued to pursue them alone. In July, Fang Guan caught up with Tang Xuanzong in Pu'an County. On that day, he was appointed Minister of the Ministry of culture (i.e. the Ministry of official affairs) and Minister of tongzhongshu. After arriving in Chengdu, he added doctor Yinqing Guanglu.

At that time, Prince Li Heng was respected as emperor by the officials in Lingwu. He was for emperor suzong of Tang Dynasty, and sent envoys to Shu to inform Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. Emperor Xuanzong abdicated as emperor, and ordered Fang Guan, his left Prime Minister Wei Jiansu and his servant Cui Huan to Lingwu, where he officially conferred emperor suzong as emperor. In October, Fang Guan met Tang suzong in Shunhua County, stated Xuanzong's intention of abdication, and mentioned the current situation. Tang suzong thought Fang Guan was well-known, and he treated him with all his heart. Fang Guan was also conceited of his talent and took the rejuvenation of the world as his duty to make a decision on the government affairs.

Defeat in counterinsurgency

In October, Fang Guanshang, the emperor, asked himself to lead the army to recover the two capitals. Tang suzong appointed him to be an envoy of keeping integrity, recruiting soldiers and horses from Xijing and defending Putong. He asked him to join the generals such as Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi to fight against the rebels, and agreed to choose his own staff. Fang Guan appointed Deng Jingshan, Li Yi, song ruosi, Jia Zhi, Wei Shaoyou, Liu Zhi and others as his staff, and Tang suzong appointed Wang Sili, Minister of the Ministry of war, as his deputy.

After Fang Guan sent out his troops, he entrusted all military affairs to Li Yi and Liu Zhi, who were scholars. He said: "although the traitor's drag River cavalry is strong, how can they defeat my counselor Liu Zhi?" He divided the army into three groups: Yang Xiwen led the southern army to march from Yishou; Liu Jie led the Chinese army to march from Wugong; Li Guangjin led the northern army to march from Fengtian. Fang Guan also took the Chinese and Northern armies as the vanguards and arrived at the bridge on October 20.

On the 21st, the Chinese army and the northern army met rebels in Chen Taoxie, Xianyang county. Fang Guan wanted to defend and wait for the right time, but Xing Yan en urged him to play. He adopted the method of vehicle battle in the spring and Autumn period, attacking with 2000 ox carts and ordering the horse infantry to guard. The rebels followed the wind and set fire to dust. The army of the Tang Dynasty was defeated. There were a lot of people and animals. As many as 40000 people were killed and wounded. Only a few thousand people escaped.

On the 23rd, Fang Guan led the southern army to fight against the rebels, and they were defeated again. Yang Xiwen and Liu Jie surrendered to the rebels. Fang Guan had to flee back to Xingzai and plead guilty to Emperor suzong of Tang Dynasty. Tang suzong forgives him for his crime and still treats him as before. He asks him to recruit scattered soldiers and make progress again.

He was dismissed as an unofficial official

At this time, Helan Jinming, the governor of Beihai, was appointed as the governor of the South China Sea, acting as the censor doctor. He Lan went to the palace in the Ming Dynasty to thank him. Tang suzong asked, "I asked Fang Guan to appoint you as a doctor. How did you become an agent?" He lanjinming said: "there is a contradiction between Fangguan and his ministers." Tang suzong understood this. Helan Jinming took the opportunity to say: "the Western Jin Dynasty appointed Wang Yan as prime minister, advocating flashiness, so that the central plains were lost. Your majesty should appoint talents in order to prosper the country. Fang Guan was born to be vain and boastful. He was not a prime minister. Moreover, when Fang Guan was assisting the emperor in Chengdu, he let the kings take charge of the military power and lived in the important vassal, but he placed his Majesty in a despicable place, which was unfaithful to his majesty. He also arranges his own party members to control the army. How can he be loyal to his majesty? " Tang suzong began to alienate Fang Guan.

In 757 (the second year of Zhide), Prime Minister Cui yuan visited Tang suzong in Fufeng. Fang Guan thinks that Cui yuan will be dismissed when he comes to court, so he is very impolite to him. Unexpectedly, Cui yuan bribed Li Fuguo and was highly valued by Emperor suzong of the Tang Dynasty, so he had a grudge with Fang Guan. Fang Guan often called himself ill and refused to go to court. He talked with Liu Zhi, Li Yi and He Ji about the nothingness of Buddhism and Taoism, which was criticized by public opinion.

Fang Guan also often listens to Dong Tinglan playing the piano, and Dong Tinglan uses it to gain power and profit. Later, the Justice Department impeached Dong Tinglan, Fang Guan entered the court and accused himself, and was dismissed by Emperor suzong of Tang Dynasty. In May, Emperor suzong appointed Zhang Hao as prime minister, and demoted Fang Guan as Prince Shaoshi.

In old age

In November, Fang Guan returned to Chang'an with emperor suzong of the Tang Dynasty, and was granted the title of Duke of Qinghe County. After Fang Guan was dismissed, he often said he was ill and didn't go to court, but he recruited guests at home, so that he was full of guests. At the same time, Fang Guan's Pro party publicized in the court: "Fang Guan is a versatile man and should be reused." Tang suzong was very disgusted. In June of 758 (the first year of Qianyuan), Emperor suzong of Tang Dynasty counted Fang Guan's crimes and demoted him as the governor of Jiazhou.

At that time, there were troops stationed in Zhuozhou, often with military generals serving as assassins. The law and discipline were abandoned, and the official houses of prefectures and counties were used as barracks. The officials had to occupy civilian houses, so that the population was sparse. After Fang Guan took office, he issued decrees to the prefectures and counties, renovated the buildings, and let the officials resume their work. In June of 759 (the second year of Qianyuan Dynasty), Emperor suzong of Tang Dynasty issued an imperial edict to praise Fang Guan and made him a guest of the crown prince.

In 760 (the first year of Shangyuan Dynasty), Fang Guan was appointed Minister of rites, and soon became governor of Jinzhou. In August, Fang Guan was appointed governor of Hanzhou. He married Lu Shi, the niece of Sima Lirui in Hanzhou, and married her blind son Fang Cheng. Public opinion despised him.

In 763 (the first year of Guangde), Fang Guan was worshipped as the Minister of the Ministry of punishment. He unfortunately fell ill on his way to Beijing. In August of the same year, he died in Langzhou (now Langzhong, Sichuan). He was 67 years old. Give it to Taiwei.

Anecdotes and allusions

Di Wuqi was appointed as the general envoy of Jianghuai because he was good at financial management. Fang Guan remonstrated: "in the past, Yang Guozhong's plunder and exploitation made the world resent him; now his majesty ascended the throne, but he has not yet implemented a virtuous government, so he dotes on di Wuqi. This is the death of one Yang Guozhong and the birth of another Yang Guozhong. I'm afraid it's hard to make the world at ease. " Tang Su said: "I am urgently mobilizing the army. Without money, the army will collapse. You can hate diwuqi, but where can you get money? " Fang Guan is speechless.

Character evaluation

Liu Zongyuan: Fang Gong, Xiang Xuanzong, worked in Shu, and people respected him; Xiang suzong, taught in Qi, and people respected his way. But integrity and love make virtue. Use is to advance and retreat, to live and reason, to go and wail.

Li Zhao: after Zhang Qujiang, the prime minister called Fang Taiwei and Li Lianggong Chongde.

Liu Xu: good guests like to talk about it. The use of troops is not his strong point, but the emperor uses his empty voice to achieve actual results. Guan not only won without a temple, but also chose generals under a false name, so that he was defeated. ② When Lushan invaders were trapped in the two capitals, many scholars were coerced and indulged, while few of them went against the enemy and followed suit, destroying their families and making their country. For example, Guangyuan is brave enough to make a decision, and he will make a contribution through contingency; Fangguan literature is dedicated to his body, and his whole righteousness is to avoid bandits. It is well-known that when people are in danger and when they are in full swing. However, Guangyuan lived in an important vassal state, took charge of the military and politics, took over the general's power, gathered together the weak and the defeated soldiers, and didn't know the opportunity to hold on, so he didn't have the virtue to risk himself.

Song Qi: Guan has a long way to go. He is easy to talk about Laozi and the Fu Tu method. He is a guest of honor. He talks more than anything but matters. At that time, there were many people in the world, so they were eager to attack. The emperor took the official affairs as the rope, and Guan as the prime minister. He wanted to be calm and calm to assist in the governance, but he didn't know who he was, so he won the title

Chinese PinYin : Fang Gun