Dai Mingshi

Dai Mingshi

Dai Mingshi (1653-1713), the word Tian you, the word Brown husband, the name Yaoshen, the other name Youan, the late name Castanopsis, later known as Mr. Nanshan. After his death, he called him "Mr. Song qianxu" by name. Also known as Mr. Youan. Jiangnan Tongcheng (now Anhui Tongcheng) people.

In the 48th year of Kangxi reign (1709), it was ranked first. At the age of 20, Dai Mingshi taught his disciples to support his relatives. At the age of 27, his essays were handed down all over the world. Qing Kangxi 22 years (1683) exam. In the 26th year, he used Gongsheng examination to correct LAN Qi's teaching and taught the county magistrate. He was angry that "there is nothing to say in the world" and wandered among Yan, Zhao, Qi, Lu and Yue. In 1711, the 50th year of Kangxi, Zhao Shenqiao, the censor of zuodu, quoted the anti Qing deeds of Nanming Dynasty according to the book of Nanshan Ji Zhi Yu Sheng Shu. He referred to Dai Mingshi's "inversion of right and wrong, crazy and rebellious language" and "praying for the imperial edict department to deal with it strictly, thinking that it was arrogant and disrespectful". Therefore, Nanshan Ji was arrested and put into prison. He was killed in the city on February 10, 1982, which is known as the "Nanshan case" in history. After Dai Mingshi died, he was buried in his hometown. The inscription on the tomb is "Dai Nanshan tomb".

Life of the characters

background

Dai Mingshi was born on March 18, 1653 (April 16). When he was a child, his family was very poor. For him, this was a difficult period, and also a period of anger and determination. His bumpy life experience, as well as the resulting life tempering, not only cast Dai Mingshi's unique character, but also laid a solid foundation for his future ideological development. Dai Mingshi has worked hard since he was a child. He "does not read a book for a day, and sometimes he is lost; but when he gets a book, he can watch and play again and again, and forget his sleep and food" (with Zhu shengshu). Dai Mingshi studied in kaimeng at the age of six and recited four books and five classics at the age of eleven. He was recognized by the elders in the village as Dai's "showman" (preface to Dai Mu Tang Ru's life). As a result of his tireless pursuit, Dai Mingshi began to teach apprentices to support his relatives when he was 20 years old. At the age of 28, he entered the county school as a scholar. Soon afterwards, he joined the capital as a student of tribute and became a teacher of Zhenglan Banner.

Coaching

After 13 years of teaching, Dai Mingshi had a profound understanding of society and life. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, driven by the blazing national thought, Dai Mingshi gradually set up his ambition of "taking governing the world as his own responsibility" in his youth.

When Dai Mingshi was 34 years old, he was recommended to the Imperial College by Li Zhenyu. As an upright scholar, he didn't want to wait for the door, so he had to live a lonely life. After that, he met with Xu Yisun, Wang Yuan, Fang Bao and others in the capital, often "extremely drunk, ridiculed and scolded", which made the officials and nobles look at him. The combination of Dai Mingshi and Fang Bao is aimed at criticizing the current situation and revitalizing the ancient prose. They are often "drunk on current affairs, whining and cheering, as if no one else" (preface to diary of northbound by Dai Mingshi). There is no doubt that this has attracted the hatred and attack of the officials. Their long-term exchanges and discussions in the creation of ancient prose have also greatly promoted the development of ancient prose, and their practice in the creation of ancient prose has nurtured the birth of Tongcheng school.

Dai Mingshi has long established a "desire to go up and down the ancient and modern times, through gallop, in order to become the words of a family." In ancient times, people may have no desire to give up. At that time, no one could write the history of Ming Dynasty because there were a lot of scattered materials and some of them were not recorded. Dai Mingshi was proud of his historical talent. He wanted to copy the form of historical records and make a compendium. Then he extensively searched for information and mutual reference, striving for authenticity and writing a valuable work. Therefore, he traveled extensively in yanzhao, Qilu, Heluo, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and other places, visited old people, researched unofficial history, searched anecdotes of Ming Dynasty, and spared no effort. For a while, the name of the article was spread all over the world.

In the 41st year of Kangxi (1702 AD), you yun'e, a disciple of Dai Mingshi, published more than 100 of his ancient writings. Because Dai's family lived in nanshanggang, it was named "collection of nanshangji, i.e. the famous collection of nanshangji". As soon as it was published, it became popular in all the provinces in the south of the Yangtze River. Its circulation was so large and spread so widely that it was rare among the private works of the same kind at that time. It was this book that made Dai famous in the literary world for more than two hundred years, but it also caused his death.

old age

In his later years, Dai Mingshi basically held an attitude of cooperation with the Qing government. In 1705, Dai Mingshi was 52 years old. He went to Shuntian village for an examination, and was the 57th person in the examination. In the second year, he failed in the imperial examination, and then tried again in the 48th year of Kangxi reign (1709 AD). He won the first place in the imperial examination, and the second place in the imperial examination was Jinshi Ji (commonly known as Bangyan). He was awarded the editor of Hanlin Academy, worked in Beijing, and participated in the compilation of Ming history museum. Two years later, he was impeached by Zhao Shenqiao, the imperial censor, and sentenced to prison for the crime of "great rebellion" for the historical events of the reign of King GUI of the Southern Ming dynasty recorded in the long-standing collection of Nanshan. Two years later, he was executed at the age of 60 on February 10 (March 31) of 1713. The case involved hundreds of people and shocked scholars. At that time, political and academic celebrities such as Fang Bao, the founder of Tongcheng school, Zhao Shilin, Wang yingmo and Wang Fen were all involved. This is the case of Nanshan Ji, one of the three famous literary inquisitions in the early Qing Dynasty. There are profound political background and social reasons for the case. Although the nobles of the Qing Dynasty took some measures to win the hearts of the people after they came to control the Central Plains regime, a series of barbaric national oppression policies such as "shaving hair" and "enclosure" changed people's minds, and the Qing government was quite unstable. After the military repression, the Qing government paid special attention to the strict ideological control, and frequently raised big prisons, learned the truth and tried to suppress the intellectuals who they thought were not tame. Dai Mingshi died.

Character achievement

Achievements in literature and history

Dai Mingshi made great achievements in literature and history. From the collection of Nanshan, we can see that his prose is developing along the road of Tang and Song school in Ming Dynasty, and has its own characteristics. He had a close contact with Fang Bao of Tongcheng school, and his thesis advocated that he had a certain influence on the development of ancient prose of Tongcheng school. He believes that composition should be based on "essence, spirit and Qi", followed by language (answer to Zhang and Wu Liangsheng's Books). He also thinks that the reason why the article can convey spirit lies in "righteousness and reason", and "mood" is subordinate to it. He advocated that articles should be plain and natural, and opposed plagiarism. He thought that "natural writing" was the highest standard of articles, and only by emphasizing "essence" and "spirit" could articles reach the realm of "nature". At the same time, he also pointed out that the writing of nature must have "Tao, FA and Ci", that is, the content of thought, the rules of structure and language should be perfectly combined, and none of them is indispensable (with Liu Yanjie's book, preface to Jimao's running script, etc.). All these ideas laid a theoretical foundation for the formation of Tongcheng school.

Dai Mingshi's articles are mainly historical theories, Historical Biographies, travel notes and prefaces and postscripts. He was very interested in historiography, and often admired Sima Qian and Ouyang Xiu for writing historical records and the history of Five Dynasties. Every time he read the historical records, he would associate with the present world and often feel deeply inspired. He lamented that many lamentable loyal officials and righteous men and many abominable things of disorderly officials and thieves were buried in the world during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Therefore, he decided to imitate Sima Qian and Ouyang Xiu, and decided to write the history of Ming Dynasty. In this way, when he wandered around the world, he had the heart to collect anecdotes, especially about the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty. He once said that "in the past 20 years, he has been searching for anecdotes and discussing anecdotes. In his mind, he feels that there are ten thousand volumes of books, which are strange and surging. He wants to touch his throat If you want to name it in the mountains, you can wash your mind, eat and drink, and hold your breath. For a long time, you dare to make an example and write a life story (with Liu Dashan). Because he lived in poverty, had a small collection of books, and was busy teaching, he had no spare time. Therefore, he was going to retire to a famous mountain in his old age after collecting all the materials, and specialized in writing, but this wish was not fulfilled, and great trouble suddenly came. Although he failed to finish his writing, his book Nanshan Ji is still famous and full of his ambition. His historical theories and biographies can be regarded as a summary of his travel around the world and the loss of old news.

Evaluation of historical theory

His historical comments are sharp and penetrating, such as Laozi, fan Zeng, Fu Lei and Shi Lun. Scholars of later generations praised him for his "vast talent, vertical and horizontal elegance, majestic and solemn, and his actions won the soul of Zuo, Shi, Zhuang and Sao" (Xiao Mu's Mr. Dai You'an's brief introduction). Among them, Laozi thought that what Laozi said was mostly "related to the way of the world," resenting that Taoists mistakenly entrusted Laozi as their leader; fan Zengsheng thought that "those who set the world must be aware of the general situation of the world, and then they can resolve the chaos of the world"; Fu daolun thought that "group robbers" were "pretending to be civil and military officials", and this kind of official was "the great robber of the country"; Shi Lun thought that "Shiji" was "the great robber of the country" The history of the Five Dynasties is a good history, all of which can be said to be insightful.

Historical and biographical literature

The best prose in the world is historical literature and travel notes. There are dozens of biographies in Volume 6, 7 and 8, five diaries in volume 11, twelve ziyilu in volume 12 and four synopsis in Volume 13 of Nanshan Ji. They not only praise the scholars who insisted on national integrity and lived in seclusion after the death of Ming Dynasty, but also praise the loyal martyrs who abandoned their private affairs and rushed to the cause of anti Qing Dynasty ）By comparing them with those "those who are known by the Lord to be rich but are enemies of others", this paper ridicules those who shake their bodies for the sake of wealth

Chinese PinYin : Dai Ming Shi