Zhang Shi

Zhang Lei

Zhang Kuan (September 15, 1133 - March 22, 1180) changed his word to respect his husband. Later, he avoided taboo and changed his word to Qinfu. He also changed his word to yuezhai, which is called nanxuan. Scholars call him Mr. nanxuan. His posthumous title is Xuan. Later, he is also called Zhang Xuangong. In the Southern Song Dynasty, he was born in Mianzhu (now Mianzhu City, Sichuan Province) of Hanzhou, the son of Zhang Jun, the right prime minister. Scholars and educators in the early Southern Song Dynasty.

Born in 1133 A.D. in Shaoxing, the third year of Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, and in 1165 A.D. in Qiandao, the first year of emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, he was in charge of the teaching of Yuelu Academy. There were thousands of scholars, who initially established the scale of Huxiang school and became a generation of scholars. In 1180, Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty moved to Youwen hall to revise and write, and promoted the Chongyou Temple of Wuyishan. His study formed a school of its own, which was as famous as Zhu Xi and Lu Zuqian, and was called "three sages in Southeast China". Emperor Xiaozong died in 1180 at the age of 48.

In the early years of Chunyou (1241), LiZong of the Southern Song Dynasty worshipped Confucius Temple. Later, he and Li Kuan, Han Yu, Li Shizhen, Zhou Dunyi, Zhu Xi and Huang Gan worshipped the Seven Sages Temple of Shigu academy, which is known as shigu seven sages.

Life of the characters

Father of the educated

Zhang was born in an official family. His first ancestor, Zhang Jiugao, was the younger brother of Zhang Jiuling, the Prime Minister of the Tang Dynasty. He once served as the governor of Lingnan in the Tang Dynasty. He moved from Qujiang (now Guangdong) in Shaozhou to Chang'an. It was handed down to Zhang Yu, the eighth ancestor of the Tang Dynasty, who served as the son of the state to offer sacrifices to the emperor. He entered Shu with emperor Fu of the Tang Dynasty and moved to Chengdu from Chang'an. Zhang Wenju, the tenth ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, was granted the title of Duke of Yi. He was Zhang Gaozu, who died early. His wife, Yang's family, moved from Chengdu to Mianzhu with her son. Zhang Xian, the great ancestor, was granted the Duke of Ji state. He knew Leizhou in 1054. Zhang Xian, the ancestor, was granted the Duke of Yongguo, and was appointed as the magistrate of xuandelangjin's calligraphy and sword festival in nanxichuan. My father is Zhang Jun. It was handed down to Zhang for 14 generations.

In 1133, Zhang was born in Langzhong, Sichuan Province. In the first year of Shaoxing (1131), Zhang Jun led Wu Li and Wu Li to defeat the Jin army. In the second year (1132), Zhang Jun's mother came to Langzhong from Mianzhu to support her. His wife also went with her. In the third year of Shaoxing (1133), Zhang Li was born in Langzhong.

In the seventh year of Shaoxing (1137), Zhang Jun left his post and lived in Yongzhou, Xijing, the Secretary of Shaojian branch of Chaofeng doctor. In February of the eighth year of Shaoxing (1138), Zhang was six years old and lived with his father in Yongzhou (now Lingling, Hunan). In his letter to his friend Chen Pingfu, Zhang said to himself, "I came to the South with my father since I was a child, and I have traveled for more than 30 years. Therefore, although I am from Shu, I have never got along with people in Shu" (Volume 26 of collected works of nanxuan). As a child, Zhang was taught loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness by Zhang Jun himself.

At the age of 14, Zhang Jun was relegated to Lianzhou (now Lianxian County, Guangdong Province). Zhang lived in Lianzhou with his father and studied from Wang Dabao. Wang Dabao, the character yuan GUI, was born in Haiyang, Chaozhou (today's Chaoan, Guangdong). He once knew Lianzhou and was later called as the Minister of rites. When Zhang Jun was demoted to live in Lianzhou, he ordered Zhang to follow his studies. At this time, Zhang Jun also taught the book of changes.

From 1150 to 1160, Zhang was 18 to 28 years old and moved to Yongzhou with his father. During this period, Zhang mainly studied the Confucian benevolence and righteousness from his father, and was influenced by Cheng's Neo Confucianism. In the 26th year of Shaoxing (1156), Zhang's grandmother died, and Zhang was buried with Zhang Jun in his hometown of Mianzhu, Sichuan. Later, he returned to Yongzhou.

Learn from Hu Hong

In the 29th year of Shaoxing (1159), Zhang Zhen was 27 years old. He compiled the words and deeds of Yan Yuan, the eldest disciple of Confucius, and wrote the first and second chapters of Xi Yan Lu. In the picture, Yan Yuan was taken as an example to learn and practice, and to seek the way of Confucius. And then he heard that Mr. Wu Feng Hu Hong passed on Cheng Hao's and Cheng Yi's learning in Hengshan, so he went to ask for advice.

Hu Hong (1105-1161), Renzhong, was born in Chongan (now Fujian Province). He was a famous Neo Confucianist in the Southern Song Dynasty, and was a teacher of Yang Shi and Hou Zhongliang, the disciples of Ercheng. He used his father (Hu an Guo) to make up for the right Chengwu Lang. He fought against the Jin Dynasty, did not associate with Qin Hui, and lived in seclusion in Hengshan for more than 20 years. He is the character of "opening the school of Huxiang" in the Neo Confucianism of Song Dynasty. In his philosophy, nature and Tao are the highest categories. His works include Zhi Yan and Wu Feng Ji.

In 1161, at the age of 29, Zhang Zhen went to Hengshan to meet Hu Hong as his teacher and ask about Cheng School in Henan Province. Zhang said later: "at the beginning, when I heard Mr. Wufeng's name, I saw his speech and I was really convinced. I often wrote letters for advice and answers. It was only in 1161 that Xin Si took the opportunity to see Mr. Wang. The reason why my teacher looked at me and taught me foolishly was that he was good at saving the loss was probably someone outside the language. But I only got one meeting, and then my husband died. " (nanxuan anthology Volume 26, reply to Chen Pingfu) after Hu Hong accepted Zhang as his disciple, he taught him Confucius' benevolence and righteousness and Cheng's Neo Confucianism, and appreciated Zhang's knowledge very much. In his letter to sun zhengru, he said: "Jingfu (Zhang Lei) has come to visit us specially. It's like an old friend meeting each other when we meet. He speaks in the same tone. He's really a talent in the world. (I) I see that he has a healthy spirit in his heart. He keeps improving day by day, and he can't use shallow air. It's a blessing that there are successors at the gate of the school. "(Volume 2 of Wu Feng Ji) although Zhang Kui was a teacher of Hu Hong for a short time, Hu Hong played an important role in the formation of Zhang Kui's Neo Confucianism. Hu Hong died when he accepted Zhang as a disciple. In the same year, Zhang Jun was appointed to Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan Province) as a Bachelor of Arts. At this time, Zhang also lived with his father in miaoheng in the south of Tanzhou City, and built Chengnan academy to teach scholars.

In the first year of emperor Xiaozong Longxing (1163) of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhang Qi was 31 years old. He used shade to supplement officials, avoided Xuanfu's office, and wrote opportune characters, except Zhimi Pavilion. At this time, Xiaozong ascended the throne, and Zhang Jun was appointed as the Privy envoy, who led the northern expedition. As a young man, Zhang Zhen worked in the shogunate and praised the conspiracy to participate in the common affairs. Before that, Zhang Xi began to see song Xiaozong. He once said: "Your Majesty, in consideration of the hatred and humiliation of the country, has compassion for the Central Plains, and is alarmed and wants to cheer up. I think the germination of this kind of mind is because of the existence of nature. I hope your majesty will further introspection, study ancient things, get close to the sages, and help each other. Don't let it stop. Then today's achievements can be achieved, and the disadvantages of being conservative can be eliminated. " (volume 89 of the collection of Zhu Wen's official documents, zuowendian's compilation of Zhang Gong's sacred tablet) this is the idea of propagating Neo Confucianism, trying to influence the emperor. Xiaozong was amazed at Zhang's views, so he decided the agreement between the emperor and his officials. This is also the beginning of Zhang's political career. In the same year, Zhang and Zhu met for the first time.

In the second year of Longxing (1164), Zhang Jun was 32 years old. Zhang Jun was dismissed because of the failure of the Northern Expedition and died in Yugan, Jiangxi Province. In the imperial court, the moderates again gained the upper hand. Zhang junnai Shangshu opposed the strike and advocated self-improvement. He insisted on the war of resistance and the restoration of the Central Plains. As a result, Shangshu didn't report to the emperor. After Zhang Jun's death, he went back to Tanzhou and took a boat to Yuzhang (now Nanchang, Jiangxi Province). Zhu Xi boarded the boat and cried. He got on the boat from Yuzhang and got off the boat to Fengcheng. Zhu Xi had a three-day talk with Zhang. This is the second meeting between the two Neo Confucianists. Zhu Xi later recalled: "on September 20, he went to Yuzhang. When Zhang Weigong (Zhang Jun) came to the ship, he went on board to express his condolence. He was sent from Yuzhang to Fengcheng. On the ship, he chatted with Zhang for three days. He was very intelligent and had a correct understanding of knowledge." (Volume 5 of Zhu Wengong's sequel, Daluo's deliberation) Zhang made a deep impression on Zhu Xi. Since then, they have been exchanging letters and academic exchanges, and the number of letters between them has reached more than one hundred and ten. In November of that year, Zhang buried his father, Zhang Jun, at the foot of Hengshan Mountain.

Development Neo Confucianism

In the first year of Qiandao (1165), Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhang was 33 years old and his father died. This year, a peasant uprising led by Li Jin broke out in Chenzhou, Hunan Province. The Southern Song Dynasty was alarmed when the uprising troops broke Chenzhou and Guiyang. He immediately dispatched troops from the front line and sent Liu Gong, a Hunan pacification envoy to zhitan Prefecture, to carry out the suppression. Liu Gong asked Zhang Gong about his plan to break the uprising army, for which Zhang conspired to help Liu Gong suppress the peasant uprising.

In 1166, Zhang was 34 years old. After suppressing the Li Jin uprising, Liu Gong rebuilt Yuelu Academy in Tanzhou and completed it in the second year of Qiandao. Liu Gong had always admired Zhang's knowledge, so he invited him to visit Yuelu Academy. Zhang Bi highly praised Liu Gong's move to rebuild the Academy, and wrote the book of rebuilding Yuelu Academy in Tanzhou. At this point, Zhang ran to and from Chengnan and Yuelu Academies on both sides of the Xiangjiang River to give lectures, preach and teach. The purpose of running the academy is to publicize the thought of Neo Confucianism, oppose the study of fame and wealth, and carry out academic exchanges and discussions while inheriting Hu Hong's academic tradition, thus forming and establishing the Huxiang school with its own academic characteristics. In this way, the focus of Hunan school shifted from Hengshan to Changsha. In order to maintain his rule, the rulers advocated Confucianism and advocated the thought of three steel and five constant. At that time, there were numerous academies and talented people. All the Neo Confucianists founded or presided over the Academy lectures, which promoted the development of Song school and the formation of various schools of Neo Confucianism. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the development of Hunan culture and the prosperity of talents were inseparable from Zhang's lectures in Yuelu and Chengnan academies. Huang Zongxi commented: "the Hunan school was the most prosperous at that time." This shows the great influence of Zhang's lecturing and apprenticeship, and the establishment of Huxiang school. In the same year, the biography of zhugezhong Marquis Wu was completed.

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Shi