Zhang Jian

Zhang Jian

Zhang Jian (July 1, 1853 ~ August 24, 1926) < / I >, with the name of Ji Zhi and Si'an. His ancestral home is tuzhushan, Changshu, Jiangsu Province. He was born in Changle Town, Zhili hall, Haimen, Jiangsu Province, on May 25, 1853 (July 1, 1853) and returned to Tongzhou in 1873. Guangxu 20 years (1894) champion, modern Chinese industrialist, statesman, educator, calligrapher, "Jiangsu Five talents" one.

In 1894, Zhang Jian won the first prize in the examination and was awarded the Imperial Academy's compilation. Guangxu 21 years (1895), Zhang Zhidong's order to establish Dasheng yarn factory. In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), he drafted an imperial edict on the abdication of the Qing emperor. After the establishment of the Nanjing government, he became the director general of industry and commerce. In the same year, he became the director general of agriculture and Commerce of the Beiyang government and the Director General of water conservancy of the whole country. In 1915, because Yuan Shikai accepted part of the "twenty one articles" proposed by Japan, Zhang Jian resigned angrily. In 1919, Nantong Gengsu theater was built. In 1922, the crisis of cotton textile industry led to the collapse of Zhang Jian's career and the decline of Dasheng yarn factory. On August 24, 1926, Zhang Jian died in Nantong at the age of 73.

Zhang Jian advocated "saving the nation through industry". He was an early pioneer in the field of cotton textile in China. He founded more than 20 enterprises and 370 schools in his life. He made valuable contributions to the rise of modern Chinese national industry and the development of education.

(general drawing reference < / I > < I >) < / I >

Life of the characters

Study in early years

At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Zhang Jian's ancestors moved from tuzhushan, Changshu, to Jinshachang, Tongzhou (now Jinsha Town, Tongzhou District, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province) and settled in today's sanxingjie village. Zhang Yuanchen, Zhang Jian's great grandfather, originally lived in Shigang town and moved to Nanqu home of wulimiao River in the east of Jinsha in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. His grandfather, Zhang Chaoyan, moved to Xiting town in Jiaqing period and his father, Zhang Pengnian, once lived in Changle At the same time, the Jin family of nadongtai was divided into two rooms.

On May 25, 1853 (July 1, 1853), Zhang Jian was born in dunyutang, Changle Town, Haimen Hall (now Changle Town, Haimen District), where he lived. His mother was Mrs. Jin. When Zhang Jian was 4 years old, his father Zhang Pengnian began to teach him the thousand character essay. By the age of five, Zhang Jian could recite the thousand character essay completely and correctly. His father ordered him to join a private school with his three elder brothers, studying from Mr. Qiu Dazhang in Haimen, and named him Wu Qiyuan. By the time he was 10 years old, Zhang Jian had finished reading the Three Character Classic, the hundred family names, the great learning, the doctrine of the mean, the Analects of Confucius and other elementary books. When he was 12 years old, his father Zhang Pengnian started his own family school and invited Mr. Song Xiaoqi from Xiting town to teach his children. When he was 14 years old, because song Xiaoqi died of illness, his father ordered him to carry a bookcase to Xiting to study from Song Lin, song Xiaoqi's son.

In 1868, Zhang Jian was going to be a scholar, but no one in his three generations had ever won the title, which is the so-called "Lengji". According to the local customs of the imperial examination, Leng Ji needs to pay more registration fees. In order to get on the right track of the imperial examination, the teacher Song Lin arranged to meet Zhang Ju, who was near Rugao county. Zhang Ju agreed that Zhang Jian should pretend to be his grandson and apply for registration in the name of Zhang Yucai. He won the county, state and college examinations and became a student of Rugao county school. The next year, he was a scholar in Rugao. Between the age of 16 and 27, Zhang Jian went to Jiangning every two years to take part in the rural examination. He failed five times. But from then on, Zhang Jia in Rugao county began to blackmail Zhang Jian with a false name, asking for money and goods continuously. At last, he simply put Zhang Jian under house arrest in jurenzhai, the school palace, and sued Zhang Jian in court, saying: "Zhang Yucai disobeyed and was unfilial." he wanted to change his scholar, and he had to go to jail for questioning. This lawsuit lasted for several years, which made Zhang Jian very embarrassed and his family difficult. Fortunately, Zhang Jian's teachers cherish his talent and mediate for him. At that time, sun Yunjin, the governor of Tongzhou, also came forward to mediate for him, reported the matter to Jiangsu Xuezheng, and then wrote to the Ministry of rites. When Zhang Jian was 20 years old, the case finally came to an end. The Ministry of rites agreed that Zhang Jian should fill in his resume again, withdraw the case and resume his native place in Tongzhou.

Staff career

In 1874, sun Yunjin was transferred to Jiangning (now Nanjing) development and trial bureau to participate in the trial of the case, and invited Zhang Jian to be his staff. In order to change the plight of his family life, Zhang Jian began his career as an aide.

In the summer of 1876, due to the complicated personnel of the development and Examination Bureau, Zhang Jian was unable to do anything. At the invitation of Wu Changqing, the commander of the "qingziying" of the Huai army, he went to Pukou to become Wu Changqing's Huai army staff and participated in the important decisions and military operations of the Qing army.

In the spring of the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), Wu Changqing was appointed governor of Zhejiang Province. He was ordered to visit Beijing, and Zhang Jian went with him. In the winter of the same year, Wu Changqing was ordered to assist Shandong defense, and Zhang Jian moved to Huangxian County of Dengzhou with his army.

In 1882, the "Renwu mutiny" took place in North Korea. Japan sent warships to Incheon. Wu Changqing was ordered to support North Korea to pacify the rebellion and prevent the expansion of Japanese power. Zhang Jian went to Seoul with the Qing army from the sea to draft a detailed account of the Korean affairs for Wu Changqing, and wrote political essays such as the Renwu incident and the six strategies for the aftermath. He advocated a tough policy and was appreciated by Pan Zuyin and Weng Tonghe, the leaders of the "Qingliu" Southern faction. Li Hongzhang, the Minister of Beiyang, and Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, vied with each other to invite him into the ceremony, but Zhang Jian declined.

In 1884, Wu Changqing was transferred back to China and stationed in Jinzhou. Soon after Wu Changqing died of illness, Zhang Jian left Qingjun and went back to his hometown to study and prepare for the exam.

Resinic Lamp

In 1885, because sun Yunjin was appointed as the official of Jiangning, his children avoided according to the law. Zhang Jian transferred to Beijing to take part in the Shuntian rural examination and was admitted as the "second place", which was called "Nanyuan" at that time. However, from 1885 to 1894, in the whole ten years, Zhang Jian took part in the "joint examination" again and again, and all of them failed.

In 1887, Zhang Jian went to Kaifeng with sun Yunjin to assist in river control and disaster relief, and drew up the outline of Shusai. After 1888, he successively presided over Ganyu Xuanqing academy, Chongming Yingzhou academy, Jiangning Wenzheng academy and anqing Jinggu Academy.

In the 20th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1894), a special Enke examination was held for Cixi's 60th birthday. Zhang Jian was chosen as the 60th Gongshi in the ceremony. In March, the ceremony Department won the first and tenth place in the retest. At the palace examination in April, he finally won the first place in the first grade of the middle school, and was granted the official post of six grades in the Imperial Academy. In the same year, the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895 broke out, and the national crisis intensified the contradictions between the two parties. "Qingliu", headed by Weng Tonghe, supported Emperor Guangxu and was fond of discussing the main battle. His main target of attack was Li Hongzhang, who was afraid of the sun like a tiger. In fact, they were all used to attack the Democratic post party and tried to fight for some real power for Emperor Guangxu, who had the name of "Pro government". Because of his close historical origins and political opinions, Zhang Jian soon became the leader of "Qingliu" and a decision-making figure among the "wengmen" disciples. He was famous for his main battle and once wrote a letter to impeach Li Hongzhang alone. However, at the time of fierce struggle between the two factions, Zhang Jian went back to his native place to keep the system because of his father's death.

Set up industry

At the beginning of 1895, Zhang Zhidong, the acting governor of Liangjiang, sent Zhang Jian to organize the sea training to defend against the Japanese Navy's invasion of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River at any time. However, because the Qing government was defeated in the Sino Japanese War of 1895 and signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the sea training was abandoned halfway. In March, Zhang Zhidong asked the imperial court for instructions and appointed Zhang Jian to set up a cotton mill in Tongzhou In the summer of the same year, Zhang Jian drafted the "Regulations on behalf of Hubei and Governor Chen Li Guo for self strengthening" for Zhang Zhidong. In view of the consequences of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, he put forward nine suggestions, such as speaking business quickly, opening schools widely, and building railways. In October, he was listed in the Shanghai Society of strong officials.

In the spring of 1896, Zhang Jian chose tangjiazha, which is convenient for land and water transportation, as the site to build a yarn mill. At first, Zhang Jian decided that the yarn mill was purely commercial. He planned to raise 600000 taels of funds, 400000 taels of Shanghai shares and 200000 taels of Shanghai stock. Accordingly, three directors of Shanghai Stock Exchange were set up, and TongZhou directors paid for the land to build the mill. However, the shares of the Shanghai board of directors have not yet arrived, so the project has to stop. In order to raise money, Zhang Jian traveled all over Nanjing, Hubei, Shanghai and Tonghai. However, Liu Kunyi, the governor of Liangjiang, decided to buy the American yarn machine which Zhang Zhidong had bought with official money and had been shelved in Shanghai wharf for three years at a price of 500000 Liang. In this way, Dasheng yarn mill was changed into a joint venture between government and business.

In 1897, Sheng Xuanhuai and Zhang Jian shared the government's shares equally and set a price of 250000 Liang. The government's shares were only "paid by the year, regardless of profits and losses", and were "run by the gentry leading the business". In addition, Sheng Xuanhuai promised to raise 250000 liang of working capital on behalf of the company. So, at the end of this year, the mill started to build the foundation. At this time, the most shortage of the mill is working capital. Sheng Xuanhuai's fund-raising is just an empty word, and the expenses are very large. Within 14 days from November 12 to 25 of the lunar calendar in 1898, Zhang Jian sent five letters to Liu Kun and three letters and telegrams to Zhang Zhidong and Sheng Xuanhuai, begging for local public funds.

In March of the 24th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1898), Zhang Jian went back to Beijing to cancel his leave at the Imperial Academy. At this time, it was the fierce battle between the two parties, and the reformers broke out a strong political enthusiasm. Zhang Jian assisted his teacher Weng Tonghe in many memorials, urging the imperial court to adjust its policies and promote the development of society

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Jian