Zhang Yao

Zhang Yao

Zhang Yao (1832-august 22, 1891), named langzhai and Liangchen, was born in Qiantang (now Hangzhou), Zhejiang Province. His ancestral home is Shangyu County, Shaoxing Prefecture, Zhejiang Province. Famous officials and generals in the late Qing Dynasty.

In his early years, he set up regiment training in Gushi, Henan Province, participated in the suppression of Nien army and Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and founded "songwu army". He followed Zuo Zongtang to the northwest to suppress the Hui uprising army, and successively held the posts of magistrate, magistrate, Taoist priest, Minister and governor. After the stabilization of Shaanxi and Gansu, he led his troops to open up wasteland in Hami, and received tens of thousands of stones of military grain at the age of, preparing for the war of the Qing army to recover Xinjiang. In 1877 (the third year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he cooperated with Liu Jintang to recover qiketengmu, bizhan, Turpan and other cities in South Xinjiang road. In 1884 (the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he led the Ministry to enter the pass and guard the northern part of Zhili. In 1885 (the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he was granted the title of governor of Guangxi, but he stayed in the capital to govern the river. In 1886 (the 12th year of Guangxu), he transferred the governor of Shandong Province to supervise the river works. In 1887 (the 13th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he joined the Navy. In 1889 (the 15th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), the crown prince Shaobao was added. In 1891 (the 17th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he died in Jinan and was given the title of crown prince Taibao and posthumous title of qinguo.

Zhang Yao's military and political talents were outstanding, and he made contributions to the recovery of Xinjiang and the suppression of British and Russian aggression, so he was known as a "patriotic general". He also made great achievements as governor of Shandong Province. He Sheng Yue se Lou Ji is still in existence, and Shandong Junxing Ji Lue is also compiled by him.

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Life of the characters

Team training starts

Zhang Yao was born in 1832. His ancestral home was Shangyu, Zhejiang Province, and his ancestral home was Qiantang, Zhejiang Province. Later, because his ancestors studied in Guozijian, they changed their home to Shuntian Daxing, Zhili, and later returned to Qiantang. When he was a child, Zhang Yao studied with his uncle Kuai hesun in Lili (now Lili Town, Wujiang District, Suzhou City), so he was also called Lili. According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty, he was born with great strength. When he was young, he used to hold a pole to form an array. His friends did not dare to make noise. In his early years, Zhang Yao was donated by Jiansheng as the county magistrate. In the early years of Xianfeng, the Taiping Army and Nien army movement rose. He attached himself to his uncle Kuai hesun, the county magistrate of Gushi, and set up regiment training. Soon after, because of his intellectual retirement from Nien army, he won the admiration of the imperial minister, Seng greenqin, and was rewarded by Lan Ling. He returned home in 1854. In 1855, he was promoted to county magistrate. In 1856, the Department of Gushi County Magistrate. In 1857, he was promoted to Zhizhou and changed into Hualing. In 1858, Li Xiucheng and others attacked Gushi. Zhang Yao held on for more than 70 days and kept Gushi city. He was granted the title of huoqin batulu by Emperor Xianfeng. In 1859, acting governor of Guangzhou. In 1860 (the tenth year of Xianfeng), Zhang Yao was promoted to magistrate, and he was promoted to Daotai after defeating Nian Army. In 1861 (the 11th year of Xianfeng), Zhang Yao defeated the Nien army of Chen Daxi and Zhang Fenglin in runing, and was promoted to the post of Henan political envoy.

Ups and downs

In 1862 (the first year of Tongzhi), Zhang Yao was impeached "illiterate" by the imperial censor Liu Yunan, and he was transferred from the chief envoy to the chief soldier, who was still controlled by Seng greenqin. Since then, he has read angrily and engraved the four character seal of "illiterate", which he always wears on his body to encourage himself. In 1863 (the second year of Tongzhi), Zhang Yao repelled the attack of Nian Army in Songshan and Nanyang of Henan Province. In 1864 (the third year of Tongzhi), Zhang Yao once again defeated the Nian Army in qiaochuan area. Zhang Yao led his troops to cross Danjiang River for a long-distance pursuit. After joining the Qing army in Shaanxi and Hunan, he withdrew. In 1865 (the fourth year of Tongzhi), Seng gelinqin died in the war. Zhang Yao went to the Nien army to save the crisis and won many victories. When Seng gelinqin died, some people impeached Zhang Yao for "the legacy of supporting pirates". Fortunately, Wu shouchang, the governor, pleaded for Zhang Yao. Nevertheless, Zhang Yao took leave to return home in the name of burying his relatives. In 1866 (the fifth year of Tongzhi), Zhang Yao was ordered to return and suppress the Nien army. He integrated the old and new troops and organized them into songwu army. In 1867 (the sixth year of Tongzhi), Zhang Yao assisted Li Hongzhang to encircle and annihilate the eastern Nien army. At the end of the year, he defeated the Xi Nian Army who crossed the Yellow River from Shaanxi to Shanxi and approached Henan. In 1868 (the seventh year of Tongzhi), Zhang Yao and Song Qing defeated the Western Nian Army in the battle of Dongchang. Soon after, the Western Nien army was defeated completely, and Zhang Yao was rewarded with a yellow mandarin jacket and won the post of riding captain.

Suppress the Hui people

In 1869 (the eighth year of Tongzhi), Zhang Yao followed Zuo Zongtang to suppress the Hui uprising, mainly cooperating with Jinshun to use troops in Ningxia. In 1870 (the ninth year of Tongzhi), he was promoted to governor of Guangdong. On February 1, 1871 (December 12, the ninth year of Tongzhi), Zhang Yao and Jinshun captured the fortress Wangjiawan near Jinji fort in Ningxia. They were angry that they could not attack for a long time before and slaughtered the Hui people. Later, Zhang Yao garrisoned to the west of the Yellow River and took care of Alashan banner. In the same year, Jiayun became a knight. In 1873 (the 12th year of Tongzhi), Zhang Yao was ordered by Zuo Zongtang to attack Jinji fort. As a rear force, he helped Xu zhanbiao and others to capture Suzhou. The uprising of the Hui people in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces was pacified, and the road for the Qing army to recover Xinjiang and eliminate agubai was opened up. Zhang Yao was rewarded for his beautiful eyes.

Managing Xinjiang

Master data:

The battle of Qing army to recover Xinjiang

In 1874 (the 13th year of Tongzhi), Zhang Yao led his troops out of the customs and settled in Hami. According to Zuo Zongtang's memorial in 1875 (the first year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Zhang Yao worked hard in Hami to cultivate water conservancy projects. He cultivated more than 19000 mu of wasteland and got thousands of grains and stones. According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Yao could harvest tens of thousands of grains and stones every year. In 1877 (the third year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he was ordered by Zuo Zongtang, the imperial minister and governor of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, to cooperate with Liu Jintang, the vanguard, to move westward to recover Southern Xinjiang. He met Xu zhanbiao in Yanchi and conquered qiketengmu in Turpan on April 21. Agubo fled to Yanqi, leaving his young son stationed in Korla as his cushion. Soon after, Liu, Zhang, and Xu joined forces and recovered Turpan on April 26. In 1880 (the sixth year of Guangxu), during the negotiation between China and Russia in Ili, Zhang Yao was ordered by Zuo Zongtang to lead his troops to Aksu. As a Middle Route Army, he prepared to march along the Tekes River to recover Ili once Russia started a war. In the same year, on the recommendation of Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Yao was ordered to assist Xinjiang military affairs and stationed in Aksu. In 1881 (the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he was granted the post of assistant in military affairs. He moved to Kashgar and administrated the four western cities to prepare for the aftermath. During his term of office, he actively launched education.

Transfer to the mainland

In 1884 (the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), during the Sino French war, Zhang Yao was ordered to move into the pass and guard the northern part of Zhili. He was awarded the rank of governor. In 1885 (the 11th year of Guangxu), he was granted the title of governor of Guangxi. But he did not go there. He led his troops to stay in the river course of the capital and was awarded the title of Shangshu.

Governor of Shandong Province

In 1886 (the 12th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he was promoted to governor of Shandong Province. At that time, the Shandong river was in deep trouble. He became the first river worker and stayed on the river for almost 300 days in a year. During his tenure in Shandong, he also established Haidai Academy in Qingzhou and repaired Zhusi Academy in Qufu. In 1888, Empress Dowager Cixi ordered Zhang Yaoxiang to run the Navy. In 1889 (the 15th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Cixi returned to power, and Zhang Yao added the title of Prince Shaobao. In 1890 (the 16th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Zhang Yao asked for an additional allowance of 200 taels of silver per jin of Shandong salt to relieve the famine in Hebei, Beijing and other places. At the same time, it is allowed to consume 120 Jin of salt on the basis of 320 kg of normal weight, so as to show sympathy for salt merchants and give consideration to both. In the same year, Zhang Yao set up the Bureau of Tongzhi, compiled Tongzhi of Shandong, and hired sun Baotian, a famous scholar, as the chief editor.

have one's wish

In 1891 (the 17th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Zhang Yao heard that Liu Mingchuan, the governor of Taiwan, had said that he was leaving his post, and he was ready to go on the book "ask Haijiang to serve himself". In April of the lunar calendar, Zhang Yao was ordered to review the Beiyang Navy together. During this period, he learned that Liu Mingchuan had been vacant, so he changed his "request for permission to recommend himself to Taiwan as governor" and offered himself. However, the selection of the Qing government had been decided, and Zhang Yao failed to do so. After reviewing the Navy, Zhang Yao accompanied Li Hongzhang to continue his inspection of coastal defense. On June 6, Zhang Yao accompanied Li Hongzhang to Jiaozhou Bay for on-the-spot investigation, which made Li Hongzhang, who originally opposed the fortification in Jiaozhou Bay, realize the importance of this place. Zhang Yao promised to use Shandong's annual coastal defense donation for the defense of Jiaozhou Bay, and the troops needed for the defense were also transferred from the local area. On June 11, Li Hongzhang and Zhang Yao jointly asked for the construction of fort in Jiaozhou Bay and Yantai, and garrison fortification, which was approved on June 14. Since then, Qingdao village, located in Jiaozhou Bay, has developed from a fishing and farming village into a military important place, and the urban development has also begun. Before long, when the rainy season was approaching, Zhang Yao went to Lijin to explore the dike and rescue the dangerous workers of shijiawu and wangyangjia. Before the completion of the project, he had gangrene on his back and was still on the construction site. When he was escorted back to Jinan, his condition was very serious. On August 22, 1891 (July 18, the 17th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Zhang Yao was critically ill. He gave an oral copy to the governor of Shandong, Fu run. In another letter to Li Hongzhang, Chen said that Shandong is the gateway of Beiyang, so we should build more forts as soon as possible to prevent accidents and involve the situation in Xinjiang. On the same day, Zhang Yao died. (Yi Zuo died on the 19th, but according to Fu run's Memorial, it should be the 18th.) The Qing government bestowed the title of "qinguo" to the crown prince and his wife, Taibao, as a gift to the emperor, and was allowed to set up special temples in the provinces where he performed meritorious service.

Main achievements

Military achievements

Zhang Yao had been in the army for half of his life and was full of strategy. He took part in the suppression of Nien uprising, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and Shaanxi Gansu Hui uprising. One of his great contributions is to take part in the recovery of Xinjiang, to help Liu Jintang defeat the main force of akuba, to open the door of Southern Xinjiang, to eliminate the akuba regime, and to a certain extent to curb the invasion of Xinjiang by Britain and Russia. In his later years, Zhang Yao assisted the Navy and helped to fortify the Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao, which became the beginning of the establishment of Qingdao. Zhang Yao was also good at leading troops, and the "songwu army" formed by him was the successor of the Qing army to the Xiang army, the Huai army and the Chu army

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Yao