normal school

normal school

Learn to be a teacher, be a model! So it's normal school!

In modern times, the word "teacher training" has become a school for training teachers. Although its name and level are different, its meaning still refers to the training of talents who are "worthy of being a teacher and model". Thus, the deep meaning of the word "teacher training" is the same in ancient and modern times. As President Hu Jintao pointed out: "teachers are the inheritors of human civilization. Without high-level teachers, there will be no high-quality education. Respecting teachers is an inevitable requirement of attaching importance to education, an important symbol of social civilization and progress, and a concrete embodiment of respecting labor, knowledge, talents and creation. "

brief introduction

origin

The name of "Shi" came into being in Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. The word "Shi" first appeared in oracle bone inscriptions, which are called "Wen Shi". Later, Dong Zhongshu of the Western Han Dynasty used the word "Shi" and Sima Qian used the word "Shi Biao". They all focused on the exemplary role of teachers.

In ancient Chinese literature, the so-called "teacher" means "a model who can learn from others". Yang Xiong of the Western Han Dynasty said in FA Yan Zi Xing: "it's better to study than to seek teachers. A teacher is a model of a person. " The earliest use of the word "normal" can be found in the book of later Han Dynasty, biography of Wen Yuan, Zhao Yi. Nei Yun: "you learn to become a teacher, and the gentry return to admiration. Looking up to Gao Xiji, there have been many years. " Therefore, the characteristics of the teaching profession are summarized as "being a teacher at a high school and being a model".

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Yang Xiong said in the collection of comments "Fa Yan": "a teacher is a model of a person." For the first time, he linked "teacher" and "model" and clearly emphasized the great responsibility of teachers in shaping the educational objects.

In the biography of Zhao Yi in the book of the later Han Dynasty, song Huangfu wrote: "when you learn to be a teacher, you will become a gentry." "Wen Xin Diao Long · Cai Lue Ping" said: "Xiang Ru Hao Shu, Qu Song normal." It means that Sima Xiangru took Qu Yuan and Song Yu as his normal teachers to learn writing. "Teacher training" has appeared as a phrase.

The modern term "teacher training" has become a school for training and monitoring teachers. Although its name and level are different, its meaning still refers to the training of talents who are "worthy of being a teacher and model". Thus, the deep meaning of the term "teacher training" is the same in ancient and modern times.

As an educational institution specialized in training teachers, normal education originated in France and Germany in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Pre service training

It is divided into normal schools at all levels and other educational institutions. Among them, normal schools at all levels include higher normal schools and secondary normal schools. Higher normal schools are divided into normal universities (Undergraduate normal universities), normal colleges, normal colleges, vocational and technical normal schools and vocational and technical normal schools. Secondary normal schools are divided into ordinary secondary normal schools and secondary special education normal schools. Other educational institutions are divided into normal colleges, departments and classes of ordinary colleges and universities, and normal colleges, departments and classes of TV University.

Post service training

It is divided into teacher training institutions at all levels and other educational institutions (forms). Teachers' training institutions at all levels are divided into provincial education colleges, prefecture (city) level education colleges, county-level teachers' training schools and primary school teachers' training centers. Other educational institutions (forms) are divided into training department and correspondence Department of normal schools at all levels; correspondence department and teacher training class of ordinary colleges and universities; satellite TV education of TV University and self-study examination.

Historical evolution

In China's classical literature, "teacher training" first appeared in the Han Dynasty Yang Xiong's "Yangzi FA Yan": "a teacher is a model of a person." On the eve of the reform movement of 1898, Liang Qichao put forward the idea of setting up a "normal school" in the constitution of the Capital University, and cried out: "if you want to change old habits and promote intellectual learning, you must take setting up a normal school as the first meaning." In 1902, Zhang Baixi, the Minister of school management, inherited and developed Liang Qichao's idea of normal education, emphasizing that "normal education is the first priority in running schools", and created the "Capital University" including the "normal school" (December 17, 1902). In 1923, "Beijing Normal University" was officially renamed "Beijing Normal University".

Late Qing Dynasty

With the support of the Qing government, Sheng Xuanhuai stepped up the preparations for Nanyang public school. Soon, Nanyang public school was born in the wave of Westernization Movement.

On January 26th, 1897, Sheng Xuanhuai presented two films, the opening of the Railway Corporation and the opening of the customs and defense barrier, and the preparation for the construction of Nanyang public school and the completion of the library, mainly on the issue of fund-raising. On the same day, Guangxu Zhu criticized: "the Yamen knows, Qin here." Sheng Xuanhuai first established four academies and set up schools in different levels. He attached great importance to the foundation and put the normal school and primary school in the first place. In 1897, Nanyang public school first recruited normal students and set up a normal school, which was the earliest new normal school in modern China, marking the beginning of normal education in China. After that, Sheng Xuanhuai imitated the practice of Japanese normal school's affiliated primary school, and selected 120 smart children aged 10-18 to set up the outer courtyard. Outside the school is a small school, divided by normal students teaching.

Nanyang public school is the earliest public new primary school in China. Then, in 1898, the second-class middle school was set up, and the first-class university was set up when the conditions were ripe. Nanyang public school is the first school in China with a complete education system including normal school, primary school, middle school and university. It accelerated the extinction of the imperial examination system which lasted for more than 1300 years to the rule of school education, and also provided a successful example for the promulgation of the two educational systems of the Qing government.

A number of normal schools, such as the normal school of Beijing Normal University (the predecessor of Beijing Normal University), which was founded in 1902, and Sanjiang normal school (the predecessor of Nanjing University, Southeast University, Nanjing Normal University, etc.) which was built in 1902, are the starting point of China's modern higher normal education and the predecessor of many famous universities in China. Their construction process witnessed the historical development of China's higher normal education. Taking the development of Beijing Normal University as an example, this paper expounds the development history of normal education in China.

In 1902 (the 28th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty), Zhang Jian (1853-1926), a famous political activist, industrialist and educator in modern China, founded the first independent secondary normal school in Nantong.

University establishment

In 1898, the Capital University was founded - the Republic of China was founded. In the germination period of normal education, the first thing to mention is the Capital University (the predecessor of Peking University), which was founded in 1898. The University was set up because of the new educational system in the Qing Dynasty, and then it was withdrawn because of the chaos of gengzi. On January 10, 1902, the Qing government ordered the restoration of the school of Beijing Normal University. In 1904, the normal school of Beijing University was changed into a superior normal school, and in 1908, an independent superior Normal School of Beijing University was established. The normal school of Beijing University actually existed for seven years. More than 300 students have been trained. From 1898 to 1908, due to the promotion of the new educational system, many normal schools and schools rose in China.

The constitution of zooding school, issued in January 1904, makes a separate system of normal education, and specially formulates the constitution of primary and superior normal schools, which specifies the purpose of running a school, the classification of disciplines, the curriculum, the admission requirements, the obligations of graduation effectiveness, the affiliated schools, etc. First of all, the excellent normal school in Beijing complied with the regulations and compiled the curriculum according to the actual situation at that time. It introduced foreign modern education curriculum, such as pedagogy, psychology and various natural sciences, and compiled various teaching materials, including some middle school teaching materials. The establishment of these regulations has initially laid the foundation of normal education in China.

After the founding of the Republic of China

The implementation of university district system and the tortuous development of normal education

After the founding of the Republic of China, the excellent normal school in Beijing was transformed into Beijing Normal University. In the 1920s, a series of reforms began: extending the length of schooling, expanding disciplines, establishing research institutes, and recruiting excellent teachers. In November 1922, the Ministry of Education approved the preparation of Beijing Normal University, which was officially established in 1923. So the highest institution of normal education finally rose in China.

In the 1920s and 1930s, China's normal education went through some twists and turns. In addition to Beijing Normal University, the other five normal universities either merge with ordinary universities or close down. Beijing Normal University adheres to the direction of normal education, actively explores the development path of normal education, fully discusses the professional value of normal education, and prepares for the upgrading of Beijing Normal University. However, in 1927, the Beiyang government, under the pretext of financial difficulties, merged nine universities in Beijing into national Beijing Normal University. In 1928, the Nanjing National Government implemented the university district system, and merged nine national universities in Beijing, Hebei University, Tianjin law and politics school, and Beiyang University into Peking University. The teachers and students of Beijing Normal University and women's normal university have carried out a massive movement of nursing school. After a hard struggle, independence was finally restored in 1929. During this period, many domestic colleges and universities also experienced integration and setbacks. The development of domestic higher education and normal education was difficult, and it was fashionable to study abroad.

From 1928 to 1949, during the new exploration period of normal education, the KMT has been in power for more than 20 years, and all kinds of education have gone through many twists and turns. However, due to the participation and practice of a large number of foreign students with lofty ideals, China's education still retains a certain strength, and a number of master talents have emerged in China. China's normal education has been further improved on the basis of the existing system to strengthen education.

After liberation

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the party and the government attach great importance to normal education.

At the end of 1949, the Ministry of Education held the first National Conference on education work, which discussed the plan of reforming Beijing Normal University. On May 19, 1950, the Ministry of Education officially promulgated the "Beijing Normal University"

Chinese PinYin : Shi Fan