Wu Rong
Wu Rong
Wu Rong, Zihua, was born in Shanyin, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Tang Dynasty poet.
Wu Rong was born in the fourth year of Emperor Xuanzong's Dazhong reign (850) and died in the third year of emperor Zhaozong's Tianfu reign (903). He was 54 years old. He was born in the late Tang Dynasty, a more chaotic, contradictory and dark era than in the early period. Three years after his death, the great Tang Empire, which once flourished, entered history. Therefore, Wu Rong can be said to be one of the witnesses of the collapse of the whole great Tang Empire.
Profile
Wu Rong was born in Shanyin, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Wu Rong began to take part in the imperial examination in the sixth year of Xiantong (865) of Xizong, and did not win the imperial examination until the first year of Longji (889). At that time, he was 40 years old. Wu Rong's official career did not go well after he ascended the throne. First, he went to Sichuan with Wei zhaodu to pacify the rebellion and returned to Sichuan with no success. When he returned to the imperial court, he was once an official to serve the imperial censor, but was slandered and demoted to Jingnan. In the third year of Ganning (896), he was recalled to the capital city to serve as a doctor in the Ministry of rites. Later, he joined the Imperial Academy and became an official to zhongshusheren. Unfortunately, in the first year of Tianfu (901), he ran into Zhu Quanzhong's rebellion and caused Wu Rong to escape from the capital city In the third year of Tianfu's reign (903), he was recalled to Ren Hanlin, moved to Chengzhi, and finally died in the post of Chengzhi. In his whole life, Wu Rong's official life was full of ups and downs, and he was valued several times, then he was demoted or exiled, which had a lot to do with the turbulent political situation in the late Tang Dynasty. The chaotic political situation led to Wu Rong's wandering life, which also created his contradictory and melancholy personality, as well as his poems shrouded in light sadness. At the end of Tang Dynasty, the politics were harmed by friends, eunuchs and vassals at the same time. The monarchs in power were more than half a year old and fatuous. Natural disasters and military disasters continued. All kinds of social chaos and maladies grew. For the declining state of the late Tang Dynasty, it was just like adding insult to injury, and the people's life was even more difficult under the pressure of heavy taxes. The miserable situation of the people living in poverty, coupled with the political and social chaos, has a great influence on the poets who have always been delicate and sensitive. In the face of political chaos, the powerlessness makes the poets express their dissatisfaction with poems, and express the social chaos with poems. The indignant and the disappointed hope to play a positive role in satire and admonishment. The negative and disappointed focus their attention on themselves, or indulge in their voice and color There are also a group of poets who have been in contact with the lower class for a long time, who are well aware of the sufferings of the people, and who have been suffering from poverty and illness for many years. In addition to the influence of politics, society and literary atmosphere, the friendship with friends often affects a person. In addition to the officials and colleagues, Wu Rong's friends also have many famous poets, such as Shi Guanxiu, PI Rixiu, Lu guimeng, Fang Gan and Han Luo, who also have a certain degree of influence on Wu Rong. Therefore, the style of Wu Rong's poetry is rich and diverse, including satirical works directed at the present time, erotic works of intoxication, and works advocating indifference and leisure or coldness and seclusion. The themes of Wu Rong's poetry can be roughly divided into four categories: "sending gifts and repaying", "visiting and traveling", "singing about people and things" and "expressing one's feelings". Although various themes present different contents and express different themes, the most special thing is that no matter what kind of themes, they all express Wu Rong's dilemma between being an official and a hermit, It was a strange compatible phenomenon with the chaotic and contradictory society in the late Tang Dynasty. Wu Rong's artistic expression is just like his poetry, showing a variety of writing styles. In terms of style, Wu Rong's main works are close to style and rhythm, among which the seven rhythms are the most. He is good at various styles at the same time, but the number is not large. In terms of rhythm, Wu Rong's requirements for flat tone and rhyme are quite fine, focusing on the complement of rhythm and poetry content, making syllables harmonious and elegant. In terms of allusions, Wu Rong often quotes classics and history, but without cliches At the same time, it can make the poetry use allusions without inflexibility by means of explicit use, implicit use, flexible use, and reverse use; in rhetoric, it can use such techniques as reduplication, color, antithesis, etc., and cooperate with the senses of sight and hearing, so that the poetry can be presented delicately and vividly in front of the readers. However, scholars have not given a high evaluation of Wu Rong's poems. They are mostly confined to the prejudice that the style of poems in the late Tang Dynasty is weak and unpopular, or they think that Wu Rong's poems are the voice of national subjugation, which is not worth talking about. They even comment on Wu Rong's few gorgeous works, which are all unfair. Wu Rong, with his unique poetic style, reflects the reality and expresses his mind. He is still unwilling to escape from the reality and can't bear to abandon the suffering of the common people, so that he shows contradictions, hesitation, sadness, melancholy, indifference and other emotions everywhere. This kind of sentiment is very similar to the atmosphere of the late Tang Dynasty, so many poets reflecting the characteristics of the times, How can we simply use the word "Qi Li" to evaluate its shortcomings and abandon Wu Rong from the study of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty! What's more, Wu Rong's poems with different sentence patterns and plain language are likely to be one of the sources of Ci and Qu creation since Song and Yuan Dynasties. In a word, Wu Rongsheng's poems also reflect the style and features of the whole era. As a bridge figure from the end of Tang Dynasty to the song and Yuan Dynasties, it is not enough to say "gorgeous". If we put Wu Rongsheng in the long history of literature, we can see that he has an irreplaceable position and value in the history of literature.
Character background
background of times
Since the rebellion of an and Shi, the Tang Dynasty has never recovered. In the late Tang Dynasty, it was the most complex and contradictory period. There were the party struggle between Niu and Li, the rebellion of Wang Xianzhi, the rebellion of Huang Chao, Li Keyong, Zhu Quanzhong and so on. When Wu Rongsheng was in the late Tang Dynasty, his situation was more chaotic than that in the early Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, there were so-called "Huichang governance" (841-846) and "Dazhong governance" (847-859). Although it was a flash in the pan, the intellectuals at that time still had the ambition to turn back the tide and restore the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. Wu Rongsheng lived in Xuan, Yi, Fu and Zhao dynasties. He experienced two extravagant dynasties, Yi and Fu. The two emperors indulged in leisure and didn't think about state affairs, which led to the eunuch's dictatorship. Even if Zhaozong tried to cheer up, it was difficult to recover the decline. The prosperous Tang Empire was doomed to perish.
social context
In the late Tang Dynasty, the society was extremely chaotic. Because of the separation of the feudal regime, the successive wars, the barren farmland, the depression of the economy, the displacement of the people, and the hardship of life, but the local officials still forced the people to pay heavy taxes. As a result, the people's minds changed. Once someone rose to the top, the people would revolt, and the civil chaos was born. Even the army sometimes rebelled, killed the commander to replace himself, claiming to stay behind. Even the army, the symbol of the country, is in trouble, which shows that the foundation of the country as a whole is in danger.
Background of poetry
The poetry world of the late Tang Dynasty is an era of artistic brilliance. The development of modern style poetry has reached maturity. The poets are right in writing sentences, and all of them are exquisite, such as flat and smooth, rhyme, allusion and word refining. The beauty of poetry art has developed to a very high level, but either because of the poet's lack of talent, poetry is easy to become a pile of words; or for the needs of tone and rhyme, the connection between words and sentences is too weak and far fetched, and poetry becomes refined but lifeless. Because of the turmoil of the great era, official disaster, party struggle and vassal rule, the poet's desire to save the world was eroded. When he was unable to return to heaven, the poets in the late Tang Dynasty no longer had the bold and unrestrained spirit of the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but also lost the revolutionary spirit of the poets in the middle Tang Dynasty. They turned to care about themselves, or to avoid the world, or to indulge in singing and drinking. Therefore, most of the critics in the later Tang Dynasty did not pay attention to the poems in the late Tang Dynasty and despised their inferior charm. However, a careful analysis shows that although there is no leading group or literary group in the late Tang Dynasty, the style of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into three main creative trends: one is to inherit the yuan and Bai school, which emphasizes the description of social reality, pointing out the shortcomings of the times, and the writing tends to be simple and popular; the other is to inherit the Wen and Li school, which has the tendency of aestheticism and beauty The third is to inherit the Han, Meng, Yao and Jia school, and use strange words to express the hardship. These three creative trends, in the creation of the late Tang Dynasty, are often intertwined and complex. The same is true for Wu Rong.
Work style
Wu Rong's Thoughts on poetry are most directly reflected in his preface to the collection of Zen moon written for Guan Xiu. The first half of the preface describes his views on poetry, and the second half describes Guan Xiu's behavior and his friendship with him. The article says: "as the author of a poem, good is praised, evil is stabbed, and you can't do the two. Although the rhyme is very strong, it's still like a puppet born in Qi and blood. What's wrong What's the point? Since the elegant way of breath, for the five character seven character poem, all rate to sentence degree, belong to the right Yan. As long as there are restrictions, there are not enough narratives. And song and poem have their own way. However, it is not enough to know what the poem is confined to. It is good to take the unusual words and express the unusual meaning. There are many people who can sing poems in the state Dynasty. Li Taibai is the only one who can sing poems. Later, Bai Letian wrote 50 satirical expositions, which was also a strange and easy speech. In the past, Zhang had five layers of poetry, and Bai was the main educator. As for Li Changji and his descendants, they are all first-class in carving, cutting, flying, and writing. If they don't write between the grottoes and the gods, they don't care. Recently, scholars have been following each other's lead. They are full of indulgence! It is also due to customs. A gentleman who has a heart and a word should be good for things. He can't think about the word and get enlightenment? (omitted later) based on the description of this passage, it can be concluded that Wu Rongyu has three important ideas in his poems
The way of satire
From Wu Rong's 301 Poems
Chinese PinYin : Wu Rong
Wu Rong
