Wu Dacheng

Wu Dashu

Wu Dashu (1835-1902), originally named Dachun, was born in Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province. Qing Dynasty officials, scholars, scholars, calligraphers and painters, national heroes. Qing Tongzhi seven years (1868) Jinshi. He is good at painting landscapes and flowers and is good at seal script. All of them are due to the appreciation of gold and stone.

In 1886, after the second Opium War, Wu Dashu negotiated with tsarist Russia. He argued for it and forced Russia to reestablish the "Tu Zi" stele and compromise China's right to go to sea: Although the right to go to sea at the mouth of Tumen River could not be shared, Chinese ships could go to sea through it, and Russia could not stop it. Wu Dashu tried to extend the negotiation and forced Russia to return heidingzishan area (now Jingxin Town, Hunchun, Jilin Province). His strategic vision and patriotism are praised by later generations.

Life of the characters

Reorganize the military and consolidate the border defense

In 1868 (the seventh year of Tongzhi), he was a Jinshi and an editor. He studied politics for Shaanxi and Gansu. In 1877 (the third year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he went to Shanxi and Xiangfan to do relief work. He went to the disaster area to investigate and survey in person. He was recommended by Zuo Zongtang and Zeng Guoquan. The next year, he was granted the Hebei road. In 1880 (the sixth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he gave the title of minister of three grades and went with general Ming'an of Jilin to handle the border affairs of ningguta, Sanxing and Hunchun. The next year, he was granted the title of minister of Taipusi. In April of that year, Wu Dashu was appointed Minister of three grades and went to Jilin with Ming'an to assist in all matters, which was immediately changed to "supervision". When he arrived in Jilin in June, he discussed defense issues with general Ming'an of Jilin. He made great achievements in reorganizing military officials, guarding the border and strengthening the border.

Wu Dashu and Jilin general Ming an established a frontier army in Jilin. The original eight flag soldiers were changed, the hereditary system was abolished, and the recruitment system was changed. The 13 battalions of Mabu with 5000 people were built together. The following year, the number of defense troops increased to 9000. Later, they were collectively referred to as the Jingbian army. After strict training, they have "learned to become a strong force". In Hunchun, the eastern and Western Fort was built. In order to prevent the invasion of tsarist Russia from the water, the water division camps of Tumen River and Songhua River were also established. At the same time, the Bureau of land recruitment and reclamation was set up to carry out the policy of border consolidation. After on-the-spot investigation, he decided to set up Hunchun Reclamation Bureau with Wudaogou and Nangang sub Bureau, taking the border land of Hunchun and Sanchakou as the reclamation center. The scope of land reclamation is wide, and many preferential policies are stipulated. At the end of 1880, a 600 mile long road from ningguta to the capital of Jilin Province, as well as the north and East roads, were built to provide convenience for the people, businesses and the army. More than 100 wooden bridges were built. At the same time, many post stations were added to strengthen the defense force of the frontier.

In 1883 (the ninth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), France expanded from Vietnam to China and was ordered to run the northern military affairs. In 1884, he moved to the left Deputy capital. The imperial edict went to North Korea to deal with the Jiashen coup and resist Japanese aggression against North Korea.

Negotiation on demarcation and argument

In 1885 (the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Wu Dashu reconnoitered the eastern boundary with Rongshan, the vice capital of ningguta, and yiketang, the vice capital of Hunchun. After Wu Dashu and ektanga argued and argued again and again, an agreement was finally reached. On October 12, 1886, the Treaty on the eastern boundary of Hunchun between China and Russia and the record of the road survey between China and Russia were signed. These include the establishment of "Tu" signs, the addition of "La", "Sa" and "Ma" signs, the withdrawal of the black roof, and the fight for the navigation right of Tumen River Estuary, thus safeguarding the sacred territory of the motherland. Standing in Hunchun City, the dragon and tiger stone inscriptions and the five corner stele pavilion with the architectural style of Qing Dynasty are built by Hunchun people to commemorate the victory of the negotiation of patriotic Minister Wu Dashu. On the front of the stone carving, the character "dragon and tiger" is engraved in the seal script, and on the bottom left, the character "Wu Dashu" is engraved vertically, with fluent and majestic font. During the negotiation, Wu Dashu wrote the words "dragon" and "tiger" many times to express his fearless patriotism. In 1886, he served as the chief representative of China and held boundary survey talks with Russia in yanchuhe Hunchun. They argued with the representatives of tsarist Russia and recovered the territory of heidingzi, which was illegally occupied by Tsarist Russia, and corrected the word "Tu". They also won the right of navigation for Chinese ships at the mouth of Tumen River.

In 1887 (the 13th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he was transferred to be the governor of Guangdong Province and fought against the Portuguese invasion of Macao and the seven villages of Xiangshan.

The corrupt officials were restrained by the inspection of micro clothes

In August 1887 (the 13th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), the Yellow River burst in Shibao of Zhengzhou and flooded to the south. First, Li Henian, the governor of the Shandong River in Henan Province, and Ni Wenwei, the governor of Henan Province, took charge of the closure of the river. The imperial court sent Li Hongzao, the Minister of rites, to the work supervisor to repair the river. In May 1888 (the 14th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), the mangzhan of the river mouth was destroyed, and the success was on the verge of success. Li Henian and others were dismissed. In July, the emperor ordered Wu Dashu to be the governor of the river course in Shandong Province, Henan Province, to take over the work of blocking the river mouth. In August of that year, he took up his post. He believed that there were many disadvantages in receiving and distributing materials for river workers, such as carrying straw on their backs and making private visits. Wu dasheu intentionally leads the crowd to quarrel with the material management official when he finds out that there is a shortage of materials and his wages are deducted. When the official is about to push Dacheng down from the whip, his entourage immediately stands up and shouts: he is river commander-in-chief, who dares to do it? At this time, Wu Dashu ordered the officials in charge of the materials to be held accountable, and showed his flail to the public on the construction site to set an example.

Harnessing the Yellow River, planning well

Wu Dashu had a good plan for the plugging project and took proper measures. For the officials at work, the division of labor is clear and strict. He vowed: if you can't finish it according to the limit, you will die in your duty. All the workers were awe inspiring, so they blocked up day and night and closed in December of that year (1888). The project saves more than 600000 taels compared with the allocated funds. When he was the river governor, Wu attached great importance to the dangerous workers in Zhengzhou, Zhongmou and Kaifeng. He said: the stone dyke at the top of the Dawang Temple of Zhonghe tingtoubao The Renzi dam and tuotou dam of the eight fortresses (Zhongmou territory), the Shuner dam of the seven fortresses in xiananting, and the gaiba dam of the nineteen fortresses (Kaifeng territory) are very important. They are the gateway to defend the provincial capital. He advocated the use of cement masonry dam, reinforcement works, this is the beginning of the use of cement repair works on the Yellow River.

In 1885 (the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he asked for a new method to map the Yellow River. From jindouguan, Wenxiang county (now lingbaojing), Henan Province, to Haikou, Tiemenguan, Lijin, Shandong Province, the river course was 1021 km long. The next year, the map was completed and presented to Emperor Guangxu for browsing. It was named the complete map of the Yellow River in three provinces.

After the completion of the ten fortresses project in Zhengzhou, due to the southward trend of the river, it will collapse to the dike. Wu Dashu judged the situation and built a stone dam in front of the old beach in Xingze Babao (now Lixi river area in Zhengzhou). He finished the work and set up a stone tablet. The inscription is: "the old beach is solid, and it collapses when it slips. The dike is gradually collapsing. Now I build a dam to protect the old beach. If the beach doesn't go, the dike is not only there. It's better to guard the beach than to guard the beach." This paper expounds his idea of river control.

After the success of Wu Dashu's river management, he was awarded to the governor of the river, and he was rewarded with his headgear.

He was defeated in his old age and died

In 1894 (the 20th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), the Sino Japanese war broke out. Wu Dashu was then governor of Hunan Province and invited to join the army. On August 15 and 17, Lian called "to lead the Hunan army to the DPRK to supervise the war.". Soon, it was approved by the Qing government to "take the courage to the north". Xuan was appointed as an assistant in the eastern expedition.

In January 1895 (the 21st year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Wu Dashu led more than 20 battalions of the new and old Xiang army out of the customs and arrived at Tianzhuangtai on February 11. Starting from February 21, Wu dasheu and Heilongjiang general yiketang'a, Jilin general Changshun and Song Qing joined forces to launch the fourth counter offensive against Haicheng. At that time, there were more than 100 battalions and 30000 soldiers of the Qing army concentrated near Haicheng. Although there are many troops, due to the complexity of the system, there are Xiang army, Chu army, Huai army and Northeast Army, which are not under the command of each other and lack of unified command. Wu was nominally an assistant in military affairs, but he could not command the whole army. Many generals "support their troops to the key points, hover and wait, but at first they can't fight to win.". There were only 20 battalions in the army controlled by Wu Dashu, and most of the Xiang generals he led were mediocre and incompetent. When being dispatched, "it's too late to die.". Liu Shuyuan, the leader of the pro army, was "timid" in the face of the enemy, while Wu Yuankai, the leader of the artillery team, was "leading the way out". In addition, Wu Da Shu underestimated the enemy and lacked serious deployment of the overall situation of the war. Just when Wu Dashu and others concentrated their forces to attack Haicheng, the Japanese army took advantage of the weakness of the Qing army and adopted the tactics of "feigning Liaoyang and actually taking Niuzhuang" to attack the West. On March 3, they sent the third and fifth divisions to attack Niuzhuang. Wu Dashu and others failed to see through the Japanese plot and ignored Niuzhuang and besieged Haicheng with all their strength. Due to the emptiness of Niuzhuang's defense, it was captured by the Japanese within one day. On the day when Niuzhuang was lost, Wu dasheu rushed from Tianzhuangtai to Shishan station. "There was a constant stream of defeated soldiers along the way, and the situation had collapsed." after Wu dasheu retreated from Shishan station, Song Qing also withdrew the main force guarding Yingkou to Tianzhuangtai, which made Yingkou empty. On March 7, the Japanese army easily captured Yingkou, and then Tianzhuangtai was also captured. Tianzhuangtai was lost. "The Xiang army was defeated in a fierce battle. There were too many deaths and injuries, and the people's heart was weak.". Wu Dashu was angry that the Xiang army was completely covered, and he wanted to draw his sword and cut himself off. But he sighed to himself and said, "I really can't fight. Please be strict.". On March 17, the Qing government ordered Wu Dashu to be removed from his post of assistant in military affairs and handed it over to the Ministry. He was dismissed and kept in office. In 1898 (the 24th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), he was ordered to be dismissed and never used.

After that, he was forced to make a living. He was once the head of Longmen Academy in Shanghai. He taught himself to be self-sufficient. He also sold his calligraphy and paintings, inscriptions, and ancient bronzes for daily use.

In 1902 (the 28th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Wu Dashu died at the age of 68. Weng Tongshu, who lives in Yushan, learned of Wu Dashu's death and sent an elegy:

Civil and military capital, South China Sea and North China Sea;

Han and Song dynasties have always been a teacher of Confucian classics.

Horizontal inscription: a reclining Cangjiang River

artistic characteristics

Wu Dashu was good at distinguishing and studying ancient Chinese characters, and he also worked on seal cutting

Chinese PinYin : Wu Da Cheng