Wu Zhaoqian

Wu Zhaoqian

Wu Zhaoqian (1631-1684), a poet of the early Qing Dynasty, was born in Songling town of Wujiang (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). He is known as "three Phoenix on the left of the river" with Peng Shidu of Huating and Chen Weisong of Yixing. In the 14th year of Shunzhi, Gu Zhenguan, a friend, pleaded with Yu Nalanxingde and was rescued by his father Mingzhu. He died three years after returning home. His poems are generous and sad, playing the border sound alone. Because of the reputation of "frontier poet", he wrote the collection of Qiu Jia.

brief account of the author's life

Wu Zhaoqian was born in 1631 in Songling Town, Wujiang County, Jiangsu Province. His seventh ancestor was Wu Zhang, his filial son, and his uncle was Wu Yi, the general of anti Qing Dynasty in the late Ming Dynasty. Zhao Qian was outstanding when he was young. He was able to write Danfu at the age of nine and Kyoto Fu at the age of ten. Rich in literary works, "Jin Shi Shuo" said: "every nose with ink, it is the day reading must be several inches." Later, he traveled with his father to Chu for four years. Because of Zhang Xianzhong's uprising, he worshipped his mother.

Zhao Qian's temperament was simple and arrogant. He was not restricted by etiquette and law. He took off his hat when he saw people in the school, and was easy to steal and drown. His teacher, Ji Qinglin, asked, "if you live on a common head, how can you drown?" Ji Qinglin sighed: "this son will be famous when he is different, but he will not be free from disaster." He, together with his elder brother zhaokuan and Zhaogong, was called "three phoenixes of Yanling", or with his younger brother Zhaoyi, named "Wu Sijun". In the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), song Deyi and others established the Shenjiao society, and the Zhaoqian brothers became more and more unrestrained. When the society was prosperous, Wang Wan was quoted as saying: "there is no self in the east of the river, and Qing should be the only one who shows off". He was envious of his old friends. In the 10th year of Shunzhi (1653), the Jiangsu and Zhejiang literary society held several meetings in Huqiu and Yuanhu. Zhao Qian and Wu Weiye and other senior officials improvised to make peace. They had the idea of leaping across the country. They were all moving. They won the title of "three Phoenix in Jiangzuo" with Chen Weisong and Peng Shidu in Yixing, and they were especially good with Gu Zhenguan.

In August of 1657, Zhaoqian took part in the Jiangnan Weixiang examination. The Chinese style was Ju Ren. In November, the case of Nanwei imperial examination center started. He was framed by his enemy and was ordered to attend the second examination in Beijing. When driving north at the beginning of the next year, Wang qianniang, a woman named Jinling, wrote more than 100 poems on the post wall of Zhuozhou. The poems were sad and broken to express her own sorrow. There were a lot of people in the three rivers and two auxiliary rivers. In April, the second examination was held in Yingtai. There were many warriors holding swords on both sides. Zhao Qian was not able to finish the examination. He was expelled from the imperial examination. He was responsible for forty boards and lost his family property. His parents, brothers and wife moved to ningguta (now Ningan, Heilongjiang).

In March of 1659, when the capital went out of the fortress, the works of sending him out of the fortress were all over the world. As for this, mountains are not mountains, water is not water. Life is not life, death is not death. He was born in changwanqi, south of the Yangtze River. His Ci and Fu are so elegant that they are more popular than others! Once bound, it's hard to take care of yourself. How can the exile rely on the fact that the luggage has been cut off for thousands of miles and the official has been sent to tears? If he is still worried, I will do it. In August, when the snow falls on the Longsha River, the camel droops and the horse has no ears? In front of the tiger, in back of the wolf, the earth hole is like a mole ant, the big fish is like a mountain without a tail, the wind and foam on the temples are like rain, the sun and the moon go down to the bottom of the sea, and we meet half a ghost by day. How sad! The boy is wise and cautious, and Cangjie is good at crying at night. The only way to suffer is to study. You don't see, Wu Jizi! "

In July, Zhaoqian arrived at the old town of Suning ancient pagoda (now Hailin old street in Heilongjiang Province). There were only 300 houses inside and outside the city. The land was heavy with ice and snow, and it was not restored to the world. At this point, he died. In 1661, Wu Zhaoqian said in his letter to his parents, "Ninggu is very cold. From the beginning of spring to the middle of April, the wind is thundering and the electricity is exciting. From May to July, it rains one after another. It snows heavily in the middle of August, and the river freezes in early September. When the snow reaches the ground, it becomes solid ice. When you look at it, it's snowy for thousands of miles. "

In 1663, Wu Zhaoqian's wife Ge Caizhen and his sister Wu wenrou came to guanwai from Suzhou. Zhao Qian was teaching for his career. His first teacher was Chen Guangzhao, the eldest son of Chen Jiayou, the first exile in ningguta. His life gradually improved and he gave birth to two daughters and one son. In the summer of 1665 in the fourth year of Kangxi, Zhang Jinyan, Qian Dewei and other scholars formed a seven son poetry club, which was the first poetry club in Heilongjiang. Sub title horn rhyme, the month where three sets, after the garrison service points to carry and strike. Li Yunlong, the festival envoy of the Korean Dynasty, passed by ningguta in military affairs. Wu Zhaoqian wrote the ode to the king of Korea, which was famous in foreign countries. In the autumn of 1674, the 13th year of Emperor Kangxi, general Ba Hai of Heilongjiang Province hired Wu Zhaoqian as secretary and tutor to teach his two sons, e Sheng and Yin Sheng, to study.

In the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), Gu Zhenguan met Nalanxingde and asked for help from Yu Rongruo for Zhaoqian. In winter, Zhenguan lived in the Qianfo temple in the capital. He recalled Zhaoqian in the ice and snow. He wrote two poems in the golden melody, which were written by CI instead of calligraphy. When he saw them, he agreed to rescue Zhaoqian for five years. In the 17th year of Kangxi (1678), the Qing government sent the Minister of internal affairs, Jueluo wumona, and the first class bodyguard to the emperor of Changbai Mountain. When the envoys visited ningguta and other places, they asked Zhaoqian for poems and Fu, so there were thousands of words in Changbai Mountain Fu, which was extremely magnificent, and they offered them to the emperor by the envoys. Although this Fu was read by Emperor Shengzu and consulted, some of the people who obstructed it failed.

In 1681, after the rescue of Nalan Rongruo, Xu Qianxue, Gu Zhenguan and many other friends, he finally paid 2000 yuan and released it in the name of recognizing and repairing the house of internal affairs project. At the end of July, he returned to his hometown and arrived in the capital in mid November. After 23 years. On his return journey, general Bahai sent troops to escort him, and gave him post cars, horses and food. Xu Qianxue wrote a poem "Xi Wu Han Cha Nan Huan" on the occasion of the banquet, which was followed by dozens of people. Wang Shizhen said: "the grass in taiximei village today, do not leave old eyes for you to return", which is the most popular. Since then, the museum has been in Rong ruo's home to teach Rong ruo's younger brother premier. Wu Zhaoqian later had a quarrel with Gu Zhenguan because of some details. Mingzhu put him in his study and wrote the words "Gu Liangfen curving his knees for Wu hancha". He could not help but mourn and burst into tears. In 1683, Kangxi returned to Li to visit his relatives. With the help of his friends, he built three houses and named them "return thatched cottage". After a long life of severe cold, Zhao Qian could not adapt to the climate in the south of the Yangtze River. He was seriously ill for several months and went to Beijing for treatment. On October 18, the 23rd year of Kangxi (November 24, 1684), he died of illness at Jingdi. He was 54 years old. When I was dying, he said, "if I want to shoot pheasants with you at the foot of Baishan Mountain, catch a fish in the Songhua River, pull it back to serve food, and pay your mother for soup to accompany dinner, I will not be able to get it.". Nalanxingde took care of his affairs and contributed money to send the coffin back to Wujiang,

Literary achievements

Wu Zhaoqian wrote many works, but many of them are ding tiaopai, and few of them survive. The eight volumes of poems and essays in the collection of Qiu Jia published by Wu Jianchen are less than one or two of ten. Today, Wang mengbai compiled Wu Zhaoqian's collection. Zhao Qian was a scholar in the early Qing Dynasty. His words and actions involved the hearts of many people. His own poems and Fu could be a talent of a generation. The poem is far from Shao Qizi, but near to fan Xiang, Chen Zilong and Wu Weiye. They are able to stand on their own. After leaving the fortress, they "played the Qiang Guan in Hujia, and played the Bian Yin alone". Their work is especially outstanding. The seven character song is the most representative, and they are the important successors of "Meicun style". Later generations think that the episode of Qiu Jia is "desolate and restrained, it really has the sound of breaking clouds and rocks", because it has the reputation of "frontier poet". Shen Deqian commented in his Anthology of poems of the Qing Dynasty: "poetry is solemn and stirring, which makes readers meet in Dingling fortress If you take Lao Du's depression as an example, you will be even higher. " "Siku Quanshu Zongmu" said: "Zhaoqian poetry talent is very high, style Qiu on."

Special circumstances

The special circumstances of scholars

On June 14, 1658 (the 15th year of Shunzhi), the Qing government stipulated that those who falsely accused with hostility should be exiled to Ninggu pagoda. Ningan and Hailin are the sites of Ninggu pagoda. In the Qing Dynasty, many scholars were exiled to ningguta because of literary inquisition or imperial examination cases. Among them are Zheng Zhilong, the father of Zheng Chenggong, the family member of Jin Shengtan, a great writer, the family member of Lu liuliang, a thinker, the family members of Fang Gongqian and Fang xiaobiao in Anhui, the father and son of Yangyue and Yangbin in Zhejiang, the famous poet Wu Zhaoqian, the Buddhist Hanke, and the literati Zhang Jinyan. When they have gone through the catastrophe of life, entered the normal life, and revived their cultural consciousness tenaciously, this relatively wild land has the color of humanity and the power of truth. Buddhist scholars can teach Buddhism, farming and merchants; Yang Yue spread farming techniques, and taught people to change "digging for houses" into "broken wood for houses"; Fang Gongqian wrote ningguta Zhi; Wu zhenchen wrote ningguta Ji Lue; Zhang Jinyan wrote ningguta Shan Shui Ji; Yang Bin wrote Liubian Ji Lue. As early as the Southern Song Dynasty, Hong Hao, a famous Minister of the Southern Song Dynasty who was known as "Su Wu of the Song Dynasty", had written four books on the dried birch bark to teach the villagers' children when he was detained by the Jin people during his mission to the northeast.

Among the numerous exiles in ningguta, Wu Zhaoqian has the highest literary attainments and the greatest fame. In his 54 years of life, he lived in ningguta for 22 years. Ningguta, the "frontier" of mountains and rivers, was deeply in his memory and solidified in his pen. He wrote his different thoughts of garrisoning outside the great wall into the famous poetry anthology "Qiu Jia Ji" and "letters of returning thatched cottage" and handed them down to later generations, so that today's people have the honor to understand 300 poems Northeast and Ninggu pagoda many years ago.

Guan Zhiping, chairman of the Ningan Municipal Committee of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference, wrote in his article "Wu Zhaoqian and the collection of Qiu Jia": when people were sent to each banner of ningguta, they were given housing, cattle and land. The officials of ningguta and the local people respected these scholars very much and looked up at them. The exiles in ningguta, though they were the survivors of torture, were still free. Most of them, from the general to the vice general, the assistant leader and the assistant leader, were friendly with each other,

Chinese PinYin : Wu Zhao Qian