Sima Dao

Shinto

The way to the dead. Shinto, also known as the way of heaven, says in the book of changes that "the grand view is on the top, Shun and Xun, and Zhong Zheng views the world. If you look at it, you can wash it but not recommend it. The four seasons are not special when we observe the divine way of heaven. The sages teach by the divine way, and the world obeys it. ". Since the Han Dynasty, Shinto also refers to "opening the road in front of the tomb and building stone pillars as the mark.". Such as the Shinto of Xiaoling in Ming Dynasty.

allusion

Huo guangzhuan in the book of Han Dynasty: "Mrs. Tai was extravagant because of her self-made tomb system. "We will build the Shinto from the three towers." According to the biography of Liu Yan, king of bamboo slips in Zhongshan in the book of the later Han Dynasty, "Dawei built tombs, opened Shinto, and flattened thousands of tombs of officials." Li Xianzhu said: "the road in front of the tomb, built stone pillars as the standard, called the Shinto." Like the "ghost way", the Han Dynasty also interpreted the "way" in the Shinto as the road, and believed that the "Shinto" was the way to the God. God in this situation means ghosts and gods; because ghosts and gods also include the souls of the dead, Shinto means the way to the dead, that is, the way to the grave. It was after Han Dynasty that Shinto was used as a graveway. Huo Qubing's Shinto is the earliest Shinto discovered in Han Dynasty. Stone man and stone beast are placed on both sides of Shinto, symbolizing the emperor's Yi Wei. The epitaph standing on the graveway is also called Shinto table or Shinto tablet. Chen Jiru of the Ming Dynasty wrote in the records of Yuan Gong's (yuan Keli) family temple on Da Sima Jie Huan: "the family has the status, the tomb has the inscription, the Shinto has the stele, the legend has the eulogy, the praise has the tomb temple, but it is still not there."

The main Shinto

Main Shinto: the main Shinto in ancient Chinese Imperial Mausoleums is common, like the trunk of a big tree, while the auxiliary Shinto in each mausoleum is like a branch. The main Shinto built by the first emperor usually goes directly to the front of his mausoleum. On the basis of the main Shinto, the later emperors extend the auxiliary Shinto to other directions, leading to their respective mausoleums. The Ming Tombs is a typical layout of the imperial mausoleum. Its ancestral mausoleum is the Changling mausoleum where Zhu Di, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, who ascended the throne in Beijing, was buried with Xu, the empress of Renxiao. Seven kilometers from dahongmen, the main Shinto reaches Changling.

Shinto tablet

Shendao stele: "the stele in front of the tomb is unknown. According to the book of Rites: "there are steles in the temple, so they are sacrificial animals and look at the sun." In the book of rites, "Gongshi is regarded as a monument, and Sanjia as Huanying." Huanying, a monument, is the pillar of the coffin when the emperor and the princes were buried. There are holes on it, which are used to hang the coffin down through the rope. When the coffin is taken for an examination, it is because it is closed. It is called "Shendao stele" because it was built on the stele by the minister or the father of Shujun, and then at the tunnel entrance. There are often holes in modern and ancient steles, which are the remains of Guan Mi Suo. There were few steles in the former Han Dynasty, but most of the disciples of Cai Yong and Cui yuan in the later Han Dynasty were erected by people. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Liushu was prosperous. 」

Shi Xiangsheng

The stone beasts on both sides of the Shinto in front of the mausoleum also have their origins. The stone beast was placed in front of the tomb from the tomb of Huo Qubing in the Han Dynasty. Huo Qubing was a famous young militarist in the Han Dynasty. He was an 18-year-old attendant around Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and was good at riding and shooting. When he was 20 years old, he led his troops to the Hexi Corridor twice to defeat the Xiongnu. He died at the age of 24. In recognition of this beloved general, Emperor Wu of Han dynasty built Huo Qubing's tomb in the east of his mausoleum to symbolize Qilian Mountain and commemorate his achievements in Hexi corridor. In front of Huo Qubing's tomb, masons chiseled vivid stone carvings such as jumping horse, lying horse, crouching tiger, lying elephant, pig, stone fish, man and bear, beast eating sheep and so on. One of the most famous is "Horse Treading on Xiongnu", which summarizes Huo Qubing's great achievements in fighting against Xiongnu in his short life. This group of stone carvings is the earliest large-scale stone carvings in front of ancient Chinese tombs. Later emperors used the decoration of stone man and stone beast when they built their own mausoleums, so almost all Tang mausoleums, song mausoleums, Ming mausoleums and Qing mausoleums displayed guard of honor stone man and stone beast.

Weng Zhong

The stone man in front of the mausoleum is also known as Weng Zhong. The reason is that there was a powerful man named Ruan Weng Zhong in the Qin Dynasty. It is said that he was one Zhang three feet long, different from ordinary people, and had great strength. He once stationed in Lintao and made great achievements in conquering Xiongnu. After Ruan wengzhong died, Qin Shihuang missed him and made a special bronze statue of wengzhong standing outside the Sima gate of Xianyang palace. It is said that when the Huns came to Xianyang and saw the bronze man, they were living Ruan wengzhong. From then on, people called the bronze and stone people in front of the palace or mausoleum wengzhong.

Chinese PinYin : Si Ma Dao