writing reformer

writing reformer

Qu Qiubai (January 29, 1899 - June 18, 1935) was born in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. His original name was Shuang, and later changed to Qu Shuang and Qu Shuang. He was one of the early main leaders of the Communist Party of China, a great Marxist, an outstanding proletarian revolutionist, theorist and propagandist, and one of the important founders of Chinese revolutionary literature.

In the autumn of 1917, he was admitted to the Russian Language Institute in Beijing. In the spring of 1922, he officially joined the Communist Party of China. In 1923, he edited another organ publication of the CPC Central Committee, Qianfeng, and participated in the guide. In 1925, he was elected as a member of the CPC Central Committee, a member of the Central Bureau and a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee at the fourth, fifth and Sixth National Congress of the CPC, and became one of the leaders of the CPC. On February 7, 1927, he compiled the collection of Qu Qiubai's theses. In 1934, he was a member of the Executive Committee of the Central Committee of the Soviet Republic of China, a member of the people's Education Commission, and a minister of education of the central government of the Soviet Republic of China.

In February 1935, he was arrested by Kuomintang troops in Changting County, Fujian Province. He died peacefully on June 18 at the age of 36.

Life of the characters

Youth Study

Qu Qiubai was born on the second floor of Tianxiang building, baguitang garden, Qingguo lane, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province on January 29, 1899. His father, Qu Shiwei, was good at painting, swordsmanship and medicine. He was indifferent in nature and did not manage his family business. He lived in his uncle's house and economically depended on his elder brother, Qu Shihu, who was a county magistrate in Zhejiang Province. His ancestors are famous in Yixing.

In 1904, he began to study in a private school. In 1905, he transferred to Guanying primary school. There was a composition, the teacher gave full marks, showed to the principal, because the writing is good, plus five points.

In the spring of 1909, he was admitted to Changzhou high school (now Changzhou high school in Jiangsu Province). Under the influence of President Tu Yuanbo's revolutionary thought.

After the revolution of 1911, his uncle Qu Shihu abandoned his official position and lived in Hangzhou. He stopped subsidizing Qu Shiwei's family. Qu Qiubai's family was in financial difficulties, so they moved to the temple in the west of the city and lived along the ancestral hall of the Qu family in Ting county.

In the winter of 1915, he dropped out of school because he could not afford to pay his tuition. On the fifth day of the first lunar month, his mother Jin Xuan committed suicide by taking poison. The family went to their relatives and friends separately. Qu Qiubai first taught in Yang's primary school.

At the end of 1916, with the financial support of my aunt, I went to Hankou to live in Qu Chunbai, a cousin of the Beijing Han Railway Bureau who worked as an interpreter, and entered Wuchang foreign language school to study English.

In the spring of 1917, I went to Beijing with my cousin. I was going to apply for Peking University, but I couldn't afford to pay for school meals. He failed to take the general civil service examination. Later, he was admitted to the Russian Language Institute of the Ministry of foreign affairs, which "does not need tuition fees, but has" family background ", to study Russian. On May 4, 1919, he took part in the May 4th Movement and joined the Marxist Research Association initiated by Li Dazhao and Zhang Songnian. He was arrested on June 3 for giving a speech on the street and released on June 8. On August 23, he gathered with student representatives from all over the country in xinhuamen to protest against the arrest of "Ma Liang Huolu" by the police department. On August 30, the police department released all the petitioners.

Russian life

In August 1920, he was employed by Beijing Morning Post and Shanghai new news as a special correspondent to interview Moscow.

On July 6, 1921, I met Lenin, the revolutionary mentor, in the anderley hall, and had a brief conversation. On November 7, 1921, on the fourth anniversary of the October Revolution in Russia, he attended the workers' memorial meeting at the third electric power factory in Moscow. He met Lenin again and listened to the speech. In the autumn of 1921, Dongfang University opened a Chinese class. As the only translator in Moscow at that time, he joined the school as a translator and teaching assistant. The Chinese class was composed of Liu Shaoqi, Luo Yinong, Peng Shuzhi, Ren Bishi, Ke Qingshi, Wang Yifei, Xiao Jingguang, etc. Qu Qiubai taught Russian, materialist dialectics, political economy, and served as a translator of political theory. Introduced by Zhang Tailei to join the Communist Party in May 1921, he was a member of the Russian Communist Party at that time.

In the spring of 1922, he officially joined the Communist Party of China.

At the end of 1922, Chen Duxiu went to Moscow on behalf of the Communist Party of China, and Qu Qiubai served as translator.

Return to work

On December 21, 1922, at the invitation of Chen Duxiu, he left Moscow to return to work. He arrived in Beijing on January 13, 1923.

In February 1923, he translated part of "on the basis of Leninism" and part of "an overview of Leninism" in Stalin's book "on the basis of Leninism", which was published in New Youth No. 1 on April 22. Before that, Qu Qiubai also wrote articles on Lenin, the program and strategy of the Communist International, and the history of the international communist movement.

In the summer of 1923, Yu Youren and Deng Zhongxia founded Shanghai University. Qu Qiubai came to Shanghai University to serve as the dean and head of sociology department. In August, he wrote and published "Shanghai University" in modern China, which made a plan for the development of Shanghai University. He envisioned that Shanghai University would become a "new cultural movement center in the South", and began to work out the school constitution, reorganize the teaching staff, implement the principle of combining theory with practice, improve the quality of teaching, and establish the grass-roots organizations of the Communist Party. At the same time, he was also in charge of the propaganda work of the Communist Party of China, and served as the chief editor of the quarterly new youth. At the same time, he was also the chief editor of Qianfeng, another central organ publication, and participated in the guide.

At the end of 1923, he participated in the drafting of the draft declaration of the first National Congress of the Kuomintang. The Manifesto established the new three people's principles policy of uniting Russia, the Communist Party and helping workers and peasants.

On January 20, 1924, the first National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang opened in Guangzhou. At the meeting, he was elected as an alternate executive member of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang. He traveled between Shanghai and Guangzhou to deal with the issue of bipartisan cooperation.

In July 1924, according to Sun Yat Sen's suggestion, the Central Committee of the Kuomintang set up a political committee. Sun Yat Sen served as chairman, and Qu Qiubai was elected as a five member member member. During this period, Qu Qiubai also participated in the guidance work of the Shanghai executive department of the Kuomintang as an alternate executive member of the Central Committee. At the same time, he also served as the official newspaper of Shanghai Kuomintang, the Republic of China Daily.

Since January 1925, he was elected as a member of the CPC Central Committee, a member of the Central Bureau and a member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee at the fourth, fifth and sixth national congresses of the CPC, and became one of the leaders of the CPC. On May 30, 1925, the May 30 massacre took place. Together with Chen Duxiu, Cai Hesen, Li Lisan, Yun Daiying and Liu Shaoqi, they led the patriotic anti imperialist movement. On June 4, the editor in chief published the first daily of the Communist Party, the hot blood daily, to report on the anti imperialist struggle between the people of Shanghai and the whole country. In the spring of 1926, he was seriously ill and hospitalized. He wrote the book "Russian bourgeois revolution and peasant problems".

On February 7, 1927, he compiled the collection of Qu Qiubai's theses. On February 22, Shanghai workers launched the second armed uprising. Qu Qiubai rushed to Lafayette road riot command post to lead the uprising. On that night, he attended the joint meeting of the Central Committee and the district party committees, drafted the "opinions on policies and work plans after the February 22 riots in Shanghai" overnight, and submitted them to the central special committee. From February 25 to March 2, he attended the meeting of the central special committee to discuss the third armed uprising of Shanghai workers and put forward important guiding opinions. From Shanghai to Hankou in March, responsible for the Fifth Congress. On April 11, he wrote a preface to Mao Zedong's investigation report on Hunan peasant movement. From April 27 to May 9, the Fifth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held. On the first day, Chen Duxiu gave a report to the Central Committee, and on the second day, Qu Qiubai distributed "issues debated in the Chinese revolution", criticizing Chen Duxiu and the representatives of the Communist International for their right opportunism mistakes. He was elected a member of the Central Committee, a member of the Political Bureau and a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau.

On July 12, 1927, the Communist International ordered to reorganize the leadership of the CPC Central Committee. Chen Duxiu was suspended and Zhang Guotao temporarily presided over the work of the CPC Central Committee. On July 13, he and Borodin went to Lushan secretly to discuss the leadership reorganization of the CPC Central Committee and plan armed riots. Later in the day, he returned to Wuhan to attend the enlarged meeting of the Standing Committee of the CPC Central Committee on July 25 to discuss and agree to the proposal of Nanchang. Nanchang Uprising on August 1. On August 7, the representative of the Communist International, Luo mingnazi, presided over a meeting (August 7 meeting), formally removed Chen Duxiu (absent), appointed Qu Qiubai as a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Provisional Central Committee, and presided over the work of the Central Committee. He became the second highest leader of the Communist Party of China after Chen Duxiu.

In March and April 1928, the provisional standing committee made self-criticism, which basically ended the nationwide left leaning blind error in practice.

He arrived in Moscow in the middle of May 1928 and presided over the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China in the town of zvinigorod on the outskirts of Moscow in June. After that, he continued to stay in Moscow and served as the head of the CPC delegation to the Comintern for two years. Li Lisan and Xiang Zhongfa actually led the CPC directly in China. In the summer of 1927, MiFu and Wang Ming fabricated the event of "Jiangsu Zhejiang classmate Association". In the summer of 1929, Wang Ming and others took advantage of the anti rightist movement of the Communist Party of China to set off an upsurge in Sun Yat sen University. They held a "ten day conference" to form the "twenty eight and a half Bolsheviks". Under the leadership of Wang Ming, they clamorously, coaxed and reviled, attacked the Chinese Communist delegation, and put the right and left leaning hats on Qu Qiubai's head, resulting in the "disappearance" of Qu Qiubai's third younger brother Jing Bai.

In the spring of 1930, with the support of the Central Committee of the United Communist Party and the Communist International, he was removed from the post of representative of the Communist Party of China in Moscow, returned home with his wife, and went to Shanghai on August 26. At the end of September, the Third Plenary Session of the sixth CPC Central Committee was held to criticize the adventurism line of establishing the third party. Due to "not recognizing the fundamental difference between the three line and the international line", the criticism of the three lines is not thorough enough.

On January 7, 1931, under the control of MiFu, the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Shanghai, and Li Lisan's Central Committee was expelled

Chinese PinYin : Qu Qiu Bai