Sima Biao

Sima Biao

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Sima Biao? 306 years), the word Shaotong, Hanoi County Wenxian (now Henan Province Wenxian) people. He is the eldest son of simamu, king of Gaoyang.

He took his great uncle Sima min as his grandson and set up to ride as a Duwei. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, he successively served as secretary Lang, Secretary Cheng, Tongzhi Sanqi Shilang, etc. Guangxi first year (306), died at the age of more than 60.

He has written 80 volumes of Jiuzhou Chunqiu, xuhanshu, 21 volumes of Zhuangzi's notes, 20 volumes of Bingji and 4 volumes of anthology. All have been lost. Now only in the selected works, there are some books, such as "to Shantao" and "Miscellaneous Poems". Among them, the eight annals of xuhanshu were incorporated into Fan Ye's Houhanshu.

Life of the characters

Sima Biao, the eldest son of Sima mu, the king of Gaoyang, was adopted to Sima min, the younger brother of Sima Yi, Emperor Xuan of Jin Dynasty. When he was young, he was diligent and diligent, but he was frivolous and lecherous. He was often criticized by Sima mu, so he was not allowed to be an heir. Although he was nominally adopted by others, in fact, he abolished his right of inheritance. Therefore, Sima Biao did not care about the world, but devoted himself to his studies, so he was able to read widely and complete the great task of writing books. at first, he paid homage to the officials and rode the captains. During the Taishi period, he served as secretary Lang and later changed to Cheng Shi. Annotate Zhuangzi and write Jiuzhou spring and Autumn Annals. Sima Biao believed that "the former king set up historiographers to record current events, clarify good and evil, admonish and induce, and control and educate the world.". Therefore, the spring and Autumn Annals were disorderly and disorderly, and Confucius sorted them out; the incomplete guansui annals were repaired by Shizhi. Did the sages like trouble? It's because I have to. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the resurgence ended in Jian'an, where loyal officials and righteous people were famous for their merits and virtues. At that time, there was a lack of excellent historians and the records were complicated and disorderly. Although Qiao Zhou had made some modifications, they were still not perfect. Since emperor an and Emperor Shun of the Han Dynasty, there were many defects and omissions. " So Sima Biao studied hundreds of historical books, referring to the secular rumors, from Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu of the Eastern Han Dynasty to Emperor Xiandi Liu Xie of the Han Dynasty, a total of 200 years, 12 dynasties, before and after the connection, a wide range of historical events, a total of 80 records, annals, biographies, named "continuation of the Han Dynasty". In 265, Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, went to the southern suburbs to hold a sacrificial ceremony. Later, he paid homage to the official cavalry. In 306, Sima Biao died in his sixties. At the beginning, Qiao Zhou thought that Sima Qian's historical records recorded things before the Qin and Zhou dynasties. Sometimes it recorded secular legends and the sayings of a hundred schools, and it was not based on the orthodox classics. Therefore, he wrote 25 articles of ancient history, which were based on the old classics to correct Sima Qian's mistakes. Sima Biao thinks that Qiao Zhou's works are not perfect. He lists 122 historical events in the ancient history research, which are mostly based on Ji Zhong Ji Nian, and also popular in the world. In view of the rise of the Han family and the popularity of loyal officials and righteous persons, Sima Biao "discussed many books and wrote down what he had heard, starting from his ancestors and finally filial piety. He compiled 200 years and recorded 12 generations. To sum up, Sima Biao carried out the common affairs, and wrote 80 chapters of records, annals and biographies, which was called the continuation of the Han Dynasty." Fan Ye's Houhanshu was published, and Sima Biao's xuhanshu was gradually eliminated, but only Bazhi remained because it was added into fan Shu. The eight annals of xuhanshu include the annals of law and calendar, the annals of etiquette, the annals of sacrifice, the annals of astronomy, the annals of five elements, the annals of prefectures, the annals of hundred officials and the annals of public service. Among them, the annals of prefectures and states records the geographical situation since the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the annals of hundred officials records the official system of the Eastern Han Dynasty. They provide important research materials for the geographical history and the evolution of the official system, which can be connected with the annals of geography and the table of hundred officials and ministers in Hanshu. Yu Fu Zhi is a newly created item, recording the chariot battle and dress system, which is an important part of the rules and regulations. The value of these three records is more prominent. Unfortunately, the criminal law, Shihuo, gouguan, Yiwen, which are closely related to social economy, politics, ideology and culture, are all missing in xuhanshu, which affects the overall achievements of the eight annals. In addition, there are 21 volumes of Zhuangzi Zhu, 20 volumes of Bing Ji and 4 volumes of anthology. All are lost. Now only in the selected works, there are some books, such as "to Shantao" and "Miscellaneous Poems". Before Sima Biao, there was a biographical history of the Eastern Han Dynasty, dongguanhanji, which was compiled by the official of the Eastern Han Dynasty; after Sima Biao, there was Huaqiao, who wrote the book after the Han Dynasty. In the Southern Dynasty, Fan Ye of Liu Song Dynasty wrote "the book of the later Han Dynasty" by collecting his apprentices, reading the old books, deleting the complicated books and making up for them. All the ten chronicles, ten annals and eighty biographies are combined into one hundred (Shi Tong, ancient and modern official history) fan Shu can gather the advantages of many schools, so it comes from behind. Fan Ye was jailed for his crime and died before his ten ambitions were fulfilled. Liang and Liu Zhao annotated fan Shu by taking xuhanshu Zhi as an example, which was divided into 30 volumes to make up for the lack of fan Shu. The earliest edition of Fan Ye's Houhanshu was collated by Chen Chong and others in the fifth year of Emperor Taizong's Chunhua of the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 994), "after finishing, he sent his servant Pei Yufu to engrave the engraving in Hangzhou" (chongru, Part 4). In the second year of Jingde (1005 A.D.), a revised version of the book of the later Han Dynasty (Chunhua school 3, shijiayou school 7) was published. The above two versions are only biographies written by Fan Ye, but not records of Sima Biao's xuhanshu. In November of the first year of emperor Zhenzong's reign in Qianxing (1022, Renzong ascended the throne and did not change the Yuan Dynasty), sun Shangshu, the son of the state, was sentenced to the following sentence:

personal works

Kyushu spring and Autumn

Jiuzhou spring and Autumn Annals (nine volumes of annals of the Tang Dynasty and ten volumes of annals of the Sui Dynasty) records the chaotic times of warlords in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Today, there are two editions: the edition of Tao Zongyi in Yuan Dynasty and the edition of Huang Xun in Qing Dynasty. Huang's edition is more complete than Tao's edition, which is included in the series of Han school. The wanweishantang edition of Shuo Ying has only six sections, while the Commercial Press edition has only one section. Now I'm going to take Huang Ben as an example.

Continuation of the book of Han Dynasty

Guangwu was born after the Western Han Dynasty, and Fan Ye became the most famous book in the world after Dong Guan. Ke was published all over the world in the holy Dynasty, though there were biographies and so on, which were the same as those of Qian and Gu. Among the books and records, there was a lack of compendium. In the thirty volumes of Liu Zhao's notes on the history of the Han Dynasty, Fan Ye wrote it first, and Liu Zhao described it later. At first, it was due to the death and escape, and finally it was completed, and its posthumous writings were made up to explain the profound meaning. As for the products of Yufu, there are rules; as for Zhiguan, there are different systems. If you add lead, you can still carve it to become a Book of a family in case of the lack of the previous history. Fu Kuang's "Jin" and "Song Shu" have their own "Zhi", while Du Zi's "Hou Han" is incomplete. The thirty volumes of houhan annals are collated and engraved by the order of desire Saint Cixu. (on November 14, the first year of Qianxing, zhongshumen issued an ultimatum to Guozijian). Renzong ordered Ma Guifu, sun and others to collate it. In November of the first year of Qianxing, Wuyin collated and issued 30 volumes of houhanzhi (Chunhua school 3, shijiayou school 7). At the same time, the records of xuhanshu annotated by Liu Zhao were added into Fan Ye's Houhanshu, and the book was sent to the prison in the second year of Tiansheng (chongru, No.4, No.6). Sima Biao's eight annals became an important part of Fan Ye's Hou Han Shu. Xuhanshuzhi has its own distinctive characteristics. One of the characteristics is that he continued his previous ambition to prepare for a family, which is quite successful in "stopping collection". For example, comparing Sima Biao's eight annals with Han annals, its etiquette, law and calendar, astronomy, sacrifice, five elements, and six annals of prefectures and states follow the old chapter of Hanshu, but the name of annals is slightly different, "Jiao Si" is changed to "sacrifice", "geography" is changed to "prefectures and states", and "Bai Guan" is covered by "Hanshu · Bai Guan Gong Qing Biao". There is a lack of records in the Han Dynasty, but there are four records in the Biaozhi: canal, food, criminal law, art and literature. Sima Biao not only inherited the records of the Han Dynasty, but also wrote a lot of historical facts about the Eastern Han Dynasty, which he did not deny. For example, in the annals of the five elements, he referred to the writings of Ying Shao, Dong Ba and Qiao Zhou on the calamities since the founding of the people's Republic of China In the book, we refer to Cai Yong's and Liu Hong's supplementary records of the history of the law and the history of the law and the history of the history of the law and the history of the history of the law and the history of the history of the law Cai Yong is a famous historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He once continued the records of the Han Dynasty with Zhang Hua and Liu Hong, and wrote ten meanings of the records of the Han Dynasty. Some of these ten meanings are intended to be deleted or continued by him. They may be the meanings of law, calendar, ritual, music, Jiao Si and astronomy. Some of them are "the former has no desire to write", which may refer to the meanings of Che Fu and Chao Hui. It can be seen that the original annals of the Han Dynasty, such as the annals of food and goods, art and literature, are also lacking in the ten meanings of Cai Yong. It can be seen from this that Sima Biao's eight annals have their roots in general. Cai Yong and others did not accumulate ready-made materials, so Sima Biao did not write another one. Therefore, Sima Biao's continuation of his previous records for the sake of his family has made a great contribution to his collection. Compared with the eight records of the historian and the ten records of the Han Dynasty, Sima Biao's inheritance is more than enough, which is why he can't catch up with Ma and ban. Second, the idea of writing is clear, which reflects the purpose of "teaching the world" in historiography. Sima Biao said: "the former king established historiographers to write about current affairs, to record good and evil, to advise, to educate the world." "Jiaoshi" is the core of Sima Biao's historical thought. "Xuhanshuzhi" combines the historical investigation with the practical needs, and pays full attention to the social functions of historiography in persuading good and punishing evil and educating the world, which is the development of Confucius' historiography thought. His thought of teaching the world is embodied in the following aspects: one is to understand the meaning of profit and loss through changes. The significance of studying the evolution of various systems is to make "the key point of Wang Jiao and the source of national canon, and to make it as an important basis and main reference of realistic politics". Second, we should attach importance to etiquette to maintain the current social order. Sima Biao emphasized the monarchy and courtship, and demanded to maintain the order of "respect" and "order"

Chinese PinYin : Si Ma Biao