Li Yindu

Li Yindu

Li Yindu was born in 1632, the fifth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, and died in 1692, the 31st year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty. His ancestral home is Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, and he moved to Fuping County, Shaanxi Province in his later years. After the death of Ming Dynasty, he went all over the country to carry out anti Qing activities.

He was intelligent, erudite and strong in memory since he was a child. He read all the classics and history scholars. He was especially familiar with the gist of the classics, proficient in phonology, and good at poetry. He was a thinker, educator, phonologist and poet in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It was regarded as one of the "four cloth clothes" in China that did not involve official career.

In the 18th year of Kangxi (1679), Jian Hongbo gave a review.

There is a very good basis for judging the inscriptions in the middle of Qin Dynasty. The line, regular script with bare rate, meaning close to Yan Zhenqing. He wrote the ancient and modern rhyme research, the collection of poems and essays of Shouqi hall, the study of calligraphy and painting in Oubo Luoshi, and the addition of inscriptions of Jinshi in Qing Dynasty.

Li Yindu lived in poverty and contentment all his life. He was diligent in studying, teaching and writing. He was tireless, knowledgeable and rich in writing. Wang Wan, a essayist in the early Qing Dynasty, talked with others about the way of teachers, saying: "there is no one who can't be taught in the present age. I can't be more than two of them who are enlightened in the study of Confucian classics. It is said that Gu zining was born with plum. It shows that he was as famous as Gu Yanwu in Confucian classics at that time. He advocated the study of "governing the world for practical use", and that "learning from the past is not a matter of meaning, and the usage is not a matter of person". He believed that the purpose of deepening the study of Confucian classics is to understand the way of governing the country in ancient and modern times, so as to benefit the national economy and the people's livelihood, and put this idea into his academic practice.

Life of the characters

pupillage

In his childhood, people called him "child prodigy". Li Yindu was born in Hongdong, Shanxi Province. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, he moved to Guanzhong and settled in Fuping Dongxiang (now Hanjia village, Xue town). His ancestors and grandfather were engaged in business in Yan'an, Dingbian and Anbian in Northern Shaanxi. His father, known as Yinglin, "began to supplement all the students in the city with literature. He was few and just, and he was not lazy in his academic achievements. He was only good at spreading and annotating, and took Cheng and Zhu as his master." In the late Ming Dynasty, Feng Congwu, a scholar of Guan school, was a successful student. In April of the seventh year of Chongzhen (1634), he fell ill and died at the age of 27. His mother, Tian's, was the daughter of Fuping's people. In July of that year, Li Zicheng led the peasant uprising army to capture Fuping, and his home in Hanjia village was surrounded. His grandmother Yang, constrained by the traditional idea of "loyalty to the king", led 81 people to burn. Yindu, a 13-year-old, went with his mother to his grandmother's home with his younger brother and material. From then on, the Li family was depressed and helpless, so the mother and son had to stay at their grandmother's house.

Li Yindu's grandfather, as a new student, helped him to receive a good education. Because of his talent and intelligence, he read classics and history at the age of 5 and never forgot. When he was 7 years old, his mother saw that Yindu was becoming more and more sensible, so she took out his father's letter and the portrait of Feng Congwu, and said in tears, "this true biography of Confucius and Mencius, if my father had been engaged in it in the past, I would encourage myself from now on, if my father would not die." From then on, Yindu recited day and night, kept on studying, inherited his father's ambition, and made great progress in learning. "At the age of eight, it's amazing to be able to write. At the age of 11, he took the first place in the county examination. When he entered Xiang, he was called "child prodigy". Soon, he abandoned the imperial examination, "for poetry, have heard in the time, and especially concentrated on the book of Zhuanzhu, in order to catch up with the sages."

Travel time

In 1644, Wu Sangui led the Qing army into the pass, captured Beijing and killed the Ming Dynasty. When TU was 13 years old, he felt the pain of national subjugation and was determined to fight against the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty. In 1648, when he was 18 years old, he said goodbye to his hometown and went abroad to study. When he saw that the mountains and rivers were still the same, his court clothes were easy to change, he thought about his hometown and the country, and his ancestors' instructions. He couldn't help but feel a lot of emotion. He imitated Du Fu and wrote eight poems of Qiuxing. The next year, recommended by friends Su Shengzi and Zhao Yihe, he arrived in daizhou, where he worked as a teacher at Chen shangnian's home. Later, Chen shangnian was transferred to Yanping Road, where Yindu accompanied him. During the past few years, he read the six classics and the great Confucian books of Lian Luo Guan and min, and his poems were more ancient and profound. He was famous all over the world. For a time, poets and poets flocked to them, but they couldn't be tolerated in his residence. Among them, Gu Yanwu, a famous scholar in Kunshan, Fu Qingzhu in Taiyuan and Qu Dajun in eastern Guangdong became close friends with him. It is said that "since the establishment of a famous man, he has stirred up the world with his cloth clothes, which is not as prosperous as the Duke.".

In the fifth year of Kangxi (1666), Gu Yanwu was in daizhou for the second time. Under the protection of Chen, they contacted more than 20 people with lofty ideals. In Yanmen and Wutai, they cut through the thorns, reclaimed the wasteland and cultivated the land in order to restore the Ming Dynasty. During his eight or nine years in Saishang, Li Yindu was regarded by Chen as "afraid of friends, deep in agreement, and of the same flesh and blood." So that Li had no worries about himself and carefully studied his knowledge. In September of the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), Chen left last year and Li returned to Qin with his family.

In the spring of 1668, Gu Yanwu was jailed in Jinan for being implicated in the literary prison. After Li Yindu, Zhu YIZUN and other friends tried their best to rescue him, he was released from prison in October and met Yindu in Beijing. Since then, the friendship between Li Yindu and Gu Yanwu has become more and more profound.

In 1670, Li Yindu, 39 years old, once again left Tongguan in the East, went to Henan and Yangzhou, and traveled to Hunan, Hubei and Chu in the south to make friends with scholars from all over the world. In the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the "San Francisco rebellion" broke out and the society was in turmoil. At this time, there was also turmoil in Shaanxi and Gansu. His friend Guo Jiuzhi and chief soldier Zhang Mengjiao wanted to recommend him to join the army. Because of his resignation, he fled to the foot of Mingyue Mountain in the north of Fuping. However, military and political officials continued to harass, and later "fled to Fengxiang, but also to Yan'an".

In 1675, Zhou Zhi and Li Erqu lived in seclusion at the invitation of Guo Jiuzhi, the county magistrate, in the Shantang villa (now junzhai village, wangliao Town, Fuping County). Li Yindu wrote a preface for the villa. After that, Li Erqu, Gu Yanwu, Li Yindu, Wang Shanshi, Li xuemu and other scholars often studied knowledge, wrote poems and essays, gave lectures and questioned for five years, and later returned to Zhouzhi.

Official period

In the 17th year of Kangxi (1678), the Qing government, in order to recruit talents, ease the hostility with the Hans, consolidate the ruling foundation, and open up erudite Ci, imperial edicts and excellent scholars. Cabinet bachelor Xiang Jingxiang, Li Wufu and Dali Shaoqing Zhang Yunyi recommended Li Yindu with "profound knowledge and magnificent culture". Because Du was poor in his mother's hometown, he could not resign. However, when Kangxi heard his name, he and Xiushui Zhu YIZUN, Cixi Jiang Chenying, and Wuxi Yan shengsun were called "four cloth clothes" and "will make them". The local officials were urged by orders. Because they refused to comply, they resisted by death. Later, under the exhortation of their mother, they set out in autumn with tears.

On March 1, 1679, in the 18th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign, Li was appointed to compile the late history of the Imperial Academy for his examination of curing diseases. Since arriving at the capital and even after he was appointed, Tu, on the pretext that his mother was old and lonely, had no support, repeatedly presented and expressed his feelings for 37 times. It is said that the lyric of "ending Yangshu" is sincere, which can be as good as "Li Lingbo's (Li Mi's)" Chen Qing Biao "through the ages," and "his father can chase ban Ma, which is the first article of our Dynasty". Kangxi read Shuwen, deeply moved, so he allowed his request. On the day of his departure from Beijing, hundreds of literati in Beijing sent him off. Zhu YIZUN "left his ancestral home in Ceren temple with tears in his eyes" and Gong dingnian presented him with a plaque inscribed "leader of articles in Xijing". At that time, together with Zhou Zhi, Li Erqu, Huayin Wangshan history and Sanyuan sun Baoren, Wang Yuyang (Shizhen) praised him as the "four gentlemen in Guanzhong" who were not attracted by the Qing Dynasty.

In 1681, Gu Yanwu fell ill in Quwo, Shanxi Province. He told Li Yindu by letter that Yindu sent people to visit him. Unexpectedly, the next spring festival, the day after the banquet, due to a slip on the horse, the ninth day he died. When the bad news came to Fuping, Yingdu wrote "one hundred rhymes of Mr. Gu Tinglin" in tears, expressing deep sorrow and nostalgia.

Lecture period

In the spring of 1684, Li Yindu applied to give lectures in Guanzhong Academy. Previously, in order to revive the style of Guanzhong academy, Yindu and Li Erqu actively advocated the restoration of Guanzhong Academy. He told Mr. Erqu that "when I heard that rice had been sent to the province, I should say that this grand ceremony of heaven and earth is my duty. Today, the Deacon has appointed Mr. Shaoxu to Tu, because Wu has won a hundred honors, and the world is not equal to the young. Besides, the capital is the place of humanity, and the Yan of Xuan crown is facing Tu, how can there be no one on the table, making the humble as Tu a disgrace to the seat of offering wine in cloth clothes? " Although he was modest and not in charge of the Academy, he worked for the restoration of Guanzhong academy and the revitalization of Guanzhong Academy. I often give lectures here and learn from scholars. After that, Guanzhong academy became the holy land of "great prosperity of Guanzhong academy". In July of the same year, his mother died. Because he respected his mother's instructions on weekdays, more than ten thousand relatives and friends from all over the world came to see him off. Li Yindu was 54 years old and insisted on not being an official. Later, he was invited to write a preface for the establishment of Chaoyang academy and give lectures here, which promoted the further development of Guan Xue.

In his later years, because he was old and frail, and it was inconvenient for him to go out to give lectures, Li accepted apprentices to give lectures in his hometown Jingbo garden or at home, and often enjoyed writing books, writing poems and singing articles. In the spring of the 28th year of Kangxi (1689), he suffered from hemiplegia. His friend Zhu Changyuan came to visit him. Li Yindu took him by the hand and said, "I write poems all my life, no less than several million words." he stroked his chest and said, "every word is not depicted in it.". From then on, it was difficult to speak, but he still read at his desk and wrote constantly. In 1692, a generation of famous scholars died at the age of 61.

Teaching period

All his life, Li Yindu was happy with the cause of education, publicizing his academic thoughts and cultivating a generation of talents. When he was young, he taught in private schools. When he was middle-aged, he traveled all over the country. He once lectured in Guanzhong academy, Chaoyang academy and Fuping Jingbo garden. His reputation spread to Guanzhong and other parts of the country. In his later years, he held a private school in his hometown and received apprentices to give lectures until he came to school

Chinese PinYin : Li Yin Du