Huang Juezi

Huang Juezi

Huang Juezi (1793-1853) was an official and poet in Qing Dynasty. The name is Decheng, the name is shuzhai. Yihuang County, Fuzhou. Official to ceremony, punishment two minister. He was a famous statesman, thinker and litterateur in Qing Dynasty. He was one of the pioneers who actively advocated banning smoking. He was also a famous official of banning smoking with Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen.

Life of the characters

When Huang Juezi entered his official career, the Opium poison was devouring the weak body of the Qing Dynasty. The implementation of the policy of seclusion has made this "Heavenly Kingdom" arrogant, conservative, ignorant and infatuated with the ignorance of "the abundance and omnipotence of the Heavenly Kingdom". Huang Juezi, who has just entered his third year, can't help sighing.

Huang Juezi entered a private school at the age of four, was able to endow him at the age of seven, and learned from other scholars at the age of ten. Jiaqing thirteen years (1808), into the state government school, academic progress. Seventeen years (1812) County test ranked first, the next year took Ba Gong, Ren Luxi (now Zixi) County school discipline. In the past 24 years, he participated in Jiangxi provincial examination. Daoguang three years (1823) Jinshi, into the Imperial Academy, selected Shu Jishi, six years (1826) scattered school to teach editing, Xuanchong National Museum of history, Wu YINGDIAN compilation, chief editor. During this period, he often wrote poems with friends, drank wine, and returned poems with members of Xuannan poetry society, which gradually became famous in Beijing. In 1828, he was the Deputy examiner of Jiangnan Rural examination. From the 12th year to the 14th year, he served as the censor of Fujian, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Shandong and other provinces, and served as the commander of the Ministry of soldiers, industry, and household. In the 15th year, he was promoted as the Minister of Honglu temple, the Minister of Dali temple and the Minister of General Administration. Later, he was promoted to the right Minister of the Ministry of rites and the Ministry of punishment. He has been in charge of the local examination for three times, supervised the examination twice, and selected many well-known people. In 1839, he served as Shaoqing of Dali temple, tongzhengshi of tongzhengshi, right Shilang of rites department, right Shilang of punishment department, left Shilang and so on. He shared the same interests as Lin Zexu, Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan, Yao Ying and others. He advocated the study of governing the world, advocated the renewal of official administration, eliminated corruption, rectified military affairs, and consolidated border defense. He was an influential figure among the reformers of the landlord class at that time. He dares to expose the dark and corrupt phenomenon of feudal rule, and "negates the expectation of the times with direct admonition, and makes a sharp report when something happens, so he has no choice but to avoid it." Before the Opium War, he proposed that smoking should be strictly controlled, provoked a big debate among the military and government officials in all provinces of China on the prohibition of smoking, and became the initiator of Lin Zexu's anti smoking campaign. After the Opium War broke out, he was sent to Fujian and Zhejiang to investigate and deal with opium smuggling and inspect coastal defense. He insisted on resisting aggression and exposed the capitulationists' conspiracy to compromise with foreign countries. Daoguang retired and returned home in the 22nd year. In 1843, the imperial court found that there was a deficit in the Treasury. Huang Juezi, who had checked the Treasury, was dismissed for dereliction of duty and returned to the province to preside over Yuzhang Academy. In the 24th year, it was put into use as a member of six departments, wailang, who still taught in the Academy before he was ill. He lived in Beijing for 30 years. He died in Beijing in 1853 at the age of 61 and was buried in Shigong temple, Erdu Township, Yihuang.

Political views

During his tenure as censor, Huang Juezi had unique views on national affairs, people's livelihood and everything, and could express his feelings directly. In the fourteenth year of Daoguang (1834), he put forward his own views and propositions on many state affairs in his comprehensive review of names and facts: worshiping schools to eliminate heresies, checking Baojia to pacify bandits, building water conservancy to eliminate flood disasters, accumulating large reserves for relief, strictly reviewing military affairs, and strictly preventing prohibition to pacify the sea. In view of the corruption of the official administration at that time, he proposed to clear up the official administration, to screen and assess the officials of the Ministry, the court and the governors at any time, to strengthen the selection and reuse of the talents, and to remove the corrupt officials. He was praised by Emperor Daoguang. He especially promoted Juezi and those who dare to speak out and admonish in order to encourage the officials to report the advantages and disadvantages of the country according to the facts. In the 15th year, Huang Juezi, who had been promoted as the Minister of Honglu temple, put forward his own ideas on the governance of the country, the wide speech of the road, the reserve of generals, the control of bandits, the rectification of the capital's camp and defense, and the strict prevention of foreigners, which were adopted and implemented by Emperor Daoguang. His voice of daring to remonstrate is the most important one.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the British East India Company imported opium into China and absorbed cash. The market increased year by year, which seriously affected the national economy and people's livelihood. Huang Juezi wrote many times about the harm of opium and explicitly asked for a ban on smoking, becoming a famous representative of those who banned smoking at that time.

Since the 11th year of Daoguang (1831), Huang Juezi has repeatedly put forward the idea of banning silver from going to sea and opium in his works "the combination of silver patterns and foreign silver, banning foreign silver from going abroad", "the comprehensive examination of the name and reality" and "six things". The court officials had different opinions on banning opium, and the measures were ineffective. Especially in the 16th year of Daoguang, Xu Naiji, the Shaoqing of Taichang temple, put forward the idea of planting opium poppy to stop the leakage. The worse the effect of banning smoking, the foreign tobacco ships colluded with the Sea Patrol soldiers, and the phenomenon of banning the illegal transportation became more and more serious. Emperor Daoguang hesitated about banning smoking. In 1838, Huang Juezi, who was the Minister of Honglu temple at that time, insisted that opium should be strictly prohibited. In his book "strictly stop the leakage of opium to cultivate the country", he listed a large number of facts to explain the relationship between the leakage of silver and opium smoking. He thought that "the consumption of silver was due to the prevalence of tobacco trafficking, the prevalence of tobacco trafficking, and the number of people who ate opium". In addition, the corruption and perversion of the law by officials made it difficult to ban opium smoking. This paper denounces the harm that the theory of prohibition can't "block the leakage", and puts forward the idea that "smoking must be treated first". No matter the government or the people, smokers will be given a one-year period to quit smoking, those who fail will be sentenced to death, and officials will be punished.

Emperor Daoguang handed over the memorials to the internal and external ministers for discussion. Juezi had been sparing for two times, and he proposed to send the chief minister to strictly punish those who had an affair with the barbarians. After the memorial was put forward, the governor of Huguang, Lin Zexu, highly praised it. Lin Zexu also appeared in the two books of "discussing the regulations on banning opium" and "it's better to ban smoking again if money and tickets are not too bad, so as to eliminate the source of abuse", which strengthened Emperor Daoguang's determination to ban opium. He ordered Lin Zexu to go to Guangdong to ban opium, and Huang Jiezi to change his political envoy. After the beginning of the Opium War, Huang Juezi was ordered to go to Fujian and Zhejiang, together with Deng Tingzhen, to crack down on opium, strengthen coastal defense construction, reform weapons and equipment, formulate strategies for war and defense, recruit water brave villagers to support the Navy, and present "coastal defense map" to the imperial court. Historians commented: "the proposal of banning smoking originated from Huang Juezi.". Emperor Daoguang praised his ban on smoking: "if you don't feel pain, who is willing to talk like this?". They immediately approved and passed it on to the military and political officials in various places, including generals of Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and governors of the provinces directly under the central government, asking them to express their opinions. Therefore, Huang Juezi's memorial played an important role in Emperor Daoguang's final decision to ban opium and sent Lin Zexu to Guangdong to ban smoking, and had a positive impact in China. In the west, there were three portraits of Lin Zexu, Guan Tianpei and Huang Juezi, which were called "three loyalties". It can be seen that their influence extended to foreign countries.

literary works

Huang Juezi also made great achievements in literature and was famous for his poems. His poems are rich, especially good at the five ancient times, elegant and honest, with high style. He often makes friends with famous people in Beijing and writes many works reflecting real life. He believed in Huang Tingjian, the great writer of the Northern Song Dynasty, and affirmed the innovative spirit of Huang Tingjian, the originator of Jiangxi poetry school. He wrote Huang Gu Gu Gu poetry review, which comprehensively analyzed the art of allusion, artistic realm, grammatical structure and poetic style. The collection of poems in late Qing Dynasty claims that his poems follow the correct track of Du and Han Dynasties, with ups and downs, and his talent is enough to develop his learning, and contains more than 20 poems. He has written 30 volumes of Huang Shao Sikou Memorial, 2 volumes of Haiphong map, 1 volume of attached table, 26 volumes of Xianping Shuwu Wenlu · Chuji · Erji, 34 volumes of Xianping Shuwu Shilu · Shiji · Houlu · Erji, and 1 volume of Wushen chuyoucao, which have been published in the world.

Historical records of the Qing Dynasty

Huang Juezi, a native of Yihuang, Jiangxi Province, was born in shuzhai. In the third year of Daoguang reign, he was a Jinshi, selected a good scholar, granted editing, and moved to the imperial censor. He took direct admonition as a negative expectation, made a sharp attack when encountering problems, did not evade, and his words were adopted repeatedly. Fifteen years later, he was promoted to Honglu Temple minister. In the imperial edict, Feng Zanxun, Jin Yinglin and Zeng WangYan were all brave enough to speak up. Therefore, they were specially promoted. They encouraged the officials to speak up, and encouraged them not to be promoted because of the sudden rise. That is to say, they wanted to protect their positions and admonished them to work hard. It is necessary to find out the way of heaven, to speak widely, to reserve generals and talents, to control bandits and civilians, to straighten out the camp and defense of the capital, to apply for strict control of foreigners, and to prevent the accumulation of malpractices in Chen Cao and he.

At that time, English ships frequently traveled to Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangnan and Shandong to map mountains and rivers. Juezi Shuyan: "foreign countries can not be as kind to caress, and the coast is not prepared for danger." In the 18th year of the Qing Dynasty, it was said that "in recent years, the price of silver has been increasing. For every one or two silver, it is easy to make 16000 yuan of money. It is not necessary to consume silver in the mainland, but it is actually leaking silver abroad. Since Opium came into China, three years ago Daoguang lost millions of taels of silver per year, but at the beginning, the children of wanjue used to float. Later, from the government gentry, down to the industrial and commercial elite, as well as women monks and Taoists, with the smoking. The crafty merchants of Guangdong Province communicated with the soldiers and carried silver out of the country and cigarettes into the country by means of boats such as Bailong and kuaixiao. Therefore, from the third year to the eleventh year of Daoguang, there were 17.8 million taels of silver leakage; from the eleventh year to the fourteenth year, there were more than 20 million taels of silver leakage; from the fourteenth year to the present, there have been as many as 30 million taels of silver leakage; and there are tens of millions of taels of silver leakage in Haikou of Fujian, Zhejiang, Shandong and Tianjin. With the useful wealth of China, we can fill the endless ravines of overseas countries. Easy to do harm to people has gradually become the worry of the sick country. Year after year, we don't know where to go. In all provinces, prefectures and counties, most of the local people collected money and sold it. They used money as money. In the past, there were many surpluses, but now there are all compensations. Salt merchants in all provinces get money from selling salt and hand over money for lessons. Those who fought for profits in the past are now afraid of the way. If the price of silver becomes more and more expensive in a few years, what can we do?

Chinese PinYin : Huang Jue Zi