Tao Shu

Tao Shu

Tao Shu (SH ù) (1779-1839), Zi Lin, Zi Yun, Yun ting and ran Qiao, was born in Anhua, Hunan Province. He was the main representative of the Qing Dynasty's Jingshi school, the first person of the Huxiang Jingshi school, and an important official of the Daoguang Dynasty.

In the seven years of Qing Jiaqing (1802), the Jinshi, who taught Ren Hanlin, compiled and promoted imperial censors, was transferred to Shanxi, Sichuan, Fujian, Anhui and other provinces. In 1830, he was the governor of Liangjiang and later the prince Shaobao. During his tenure, he supervised shipping, eliminated the drawbacks of the salt administration, built water conservancy and set up granaries to save the famine.

In the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), he died of illness in Liangjiang governor's office. He was given the title of crown prince and posthumous title of "Wenyi" and was worshipped in Xianliang temple. There are "Yinxin Shiwu Shichao", "Shufu diary", "complete works of Tao Wenyi" and so on.

Life of the characters

Early experience

Tao Shu was born on November 30, 1779 (January 17, 1779) in taojiawan, Xiaoyan Town, Anhua County, Hunan Province.

In 1784, seven year old Tao Shu followed his father Tao Biquan to Changsha to study in Yuelu Academy.

In 1785, his father, Tao Biquan, returned to hongnitian in the upper reaches of Zijiang River in Xiaoyan town because of his mother's yearning for his relatives. Wang huwen (named Wang chongzhuo, a close friend of Tao Biquan) set up a school to teach students. Tao Shu still followed him to study.

In 1787, Tao Biquan went home to work in agriculture and studied knowledge. Tao Shu also studied the four books and five classics and took part in some agricultural labor.

In 1790, Tao Biquan was invited to Anhua county (today's Meicheng town) to preside over the restoration of the South pagoda, and Tao Shu also studied in Anhua Academy.

In 1792, Tao Biquan set up a library in Zeng runpan's home in Yiyang to teach. In the four years before and after that, Tao Shu still followed him.

In the 60th year of Qianlong (1795), Tao Shu participated in the county school examination and was able to supplement the students of the city.

In the third year of Jiaqing (1798), Tao Biquan transferred to Shijing in Yiyang and set up a school to teach students in Liu Jingyuan's home. Tao Shu still followed his father to study. In the same year, Tao Shu married Huang defen, a native of hequxi, the capital of Anhua County.

In 1800, he went to Changsha with his father to take part in Hunan Provincial examination.

In the sixth year of Jiaqing (1801), Tao Shu left home and went north to take part in the examination, but he failed. According to my father's advice, I stayed in Beijing to review my lessons and prepare to try again in order to make progress.

The imperial examination and

In the spring of the seventh year of Jiaqing (1802), Tao Shu took part in the renxu imperial examination in Beijing, ranking 63rd in the imperial examination, 15th in the palace examination in April, and 55th in the imperial examination. He was the first Jinshi in Anhua.

In February of the ninth year of Jiaqing (1804), he went to the Imperial Academy.

In April of the 10th year of Jiaqing (1805), Ren Hanlin edited it. In July of the same year, his father Tao Biquan died of illness, and Tao Shu returned home to mourn for three years. After that, Tao Shu lectured in Liyang Academy for three years, seriously engaged in education and training talents.

In August of the 13th year of Jiaqing (1808), Tao Shu left Anhua, his hometown, and went north with his family to be the editor of the National Museum of history.

Excellent Governance and Practice

Jiaqing 14 years (1809), deputy chief examiner of Sichuan provincial examination. In the following ten years, Tao Shu successively served as the censor of Zhan Shi Fu, the appointed censor, the censor of Jiangnan Dao, the censor of Shaanxi Dao, the examiner of the joint examination, the censor of the joint examination, the inspector of Zhongcheng, the inspector of hukegeishizhong, the inspector of Nancao, the inspector of likezhangyin Shizhong, and the Taoist. During his term of office, Tao Shu was diligent and devoted to his duties.

In 1814, Tao Shu was appointed as the censor of Jiangnan Dao. He found that there were too many candidate officials in the Ministry of official affairs. When there was a lack of officials, there were too few officials and many disputes. The Ministry of official affairs had different legislations and set up duplicate signatures, which led to confusion and malpractice. Tao Shu advocated unifying legislation, abolishing re signed items, plugging loopholes and preventing malpractices. At the end of the year, Tao Shu also explained the accumulated disadvantages of the state and county, and clearly pointed out: "the disadvantages of the state and county are getting deeper and deeper, and the fatigue of the state and county has its own characteristics.". Eight kinds of state and county official maladies are cited in succession.

In the 24th year of Jiaqing (1819), Tao Shu was appointed to be a soldier in East Sichuan. Arrived in Chongqing in December. During his term of office, he cleared up accumulated lawsuits, cracked down on villains, vindicated unjust imprisonment, and stabilized social order. It is forbidden to set up private checkpoints to facilitate traffic, encourage industry and commerce, and develop commercial trade. We should examine the countryside, sympathize with the people's conditions, encourage the reclamation of wasteland, and develop agricultural production.

In November of the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820), the newly ascended Emperor Daoguang promoted Tao Shu to the post of inspector general of Shanxi.

In March of the first year of Daoguang (1821), he also served as a political envoy. In August, he was transferred to Fujian. In October, he failed to go to Fujian and promoted to Anhui.

In the first month of the third year of Daoguang (1823), he was promoted to governor of Anhui Province.

Tao Shu carried out a comprehensive management of Anhui Province: clean up the money and grain in Anhui Province and put an end to the deficit of money and grain. < / Li > < li > provide relief to the victims of the disaster and set up a well prepared warehouse. < li > < li > build water conservancy and develop agricultural production. < / Li > < li > straighten out the administration of officials and stabilize the social order. < li > < li > attach importance to culture and education and advocate the revision of Anhui Provincial Records. In May of the fifth year of Daoguang (1825), Tao Shu was transferred to be the governor of Jiangsu Province. Due to the breach of Hongze Lake and the obstruction of water transport, he was transferred to the governor of Jiangsu Province. He personally took charge of water transport in Shanghai. He hired 1500 sand boats to transport more than 1.6 million tons of grain from Su, song, Chang, Zhen and Taifu prefectures to Tianjin, which was the beginning of large-scale water transport in the Qing Dynasty.

In the first month of the sixth year of Daoguang (1826), Tao Shu once again "personally came to Shanghai, and the Ministry successively applied for orders to strip and transport the rice from various states and counties. The fish came through, and the scales were exchanged. Jiaxun got more than 1.3 million yuan as the first transport, and the remaining more than 300000 yuan as the second transport.". We offer sacrifices to Fengshen, Haishen and Tianhou. We gather the elderly and reward them with silver medals. Thousands of boats are flying across the river, the sea is clear, banners are flying, and Yuanlong is enthusiastic. " At the end of February, the water transport fleet arrived in Tianjin smoothly.

As the governor of Jiangsu Province, Tao Shu initiated maritime transportation and achieved great success, which is the most important and typical achievement of the landlord class reformers of his time. We should clean up the administration of officials, reform the customs and build the normal order of feudal society. < / Li > < li > care for people's life and relief famine. < / Li > < li > vigorously build irrigation and water conservancy. < / Li > < li > strengthen public security and severely punish litigants.

Governor of Liangjiang

In the 10th year of Daoguang (1830), he added the title of Prince Shaobao and was appointed governor of Liangjiang. Tao Shu had the courage to serve and was highly valued by the government and the opposition.

In the 12th year of Daoguang (1832), he worked with governor Lin Zexu to control the flood in Jiangsu Province, and built Liuhe, Baimao, Lianhu, Mengdu and other water conservancy projects.

Daoguang 15 years (1835), the pilgrimage, given the Royal book "Yinxin stone house" plaque.

Death of illness

In November of the 17th year of Daoguang (1837), on the 60th birthday of Tao Shu, Emperor Daoguang gave his relatives the title of flat forehead, the word "Fu Shou" and the rare play Wenqi.

Daoguang eighteen years (1838), suddenly disease fengbi.

In June 1839, Daoguang died in Liangjiang Festival department at the age of 62. Jin presented the crown prince, Taibao, with the title of Wenyi. He was worshipped in the Xianliang temple. I also wish the famous official Temple to be built in Haizhou.

Main achievements

During his official period, Tao Shu made great contributions to eliminating evils and pacifying the people, fighting against disasters and providing disaster relief, building water conservancy, rectifying finance, managing water transport, advocating shipping, reforming salt administration, rectifying public security, establishing education, and cultivating talents. Ren neili tried to rectify the disadvantages of Huai salt, cut down the floating fees, strictly check the treasury funds, and ban private salt, so that Huai salt could be marketed. It was also tried out in Huaibei and later in Huainan.

Tao Shu had a close relationship with the "three heroes of the Hunan army" (Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang, Hu Linyi). He had a profound influence on the "three heroes of the Hunan army" in the aspects of Neo Confucianism, reform, official administration, talent and patriotism. The "three heroes of Hunan army" can be regarded as the inheritors and promoters of Tao Shu's thoughts and career.

Character evaluation

Emperor Jiaqing: let Er Nan Cao go. You still have a conscience and are willing to say a few serious words.

Emperor Daoguang: 1. He was upright and devoted to his work bravely. He set up a CI garden and moved to an official position. Cheng Cai holds Fu Bingheng as an envoy and holds Fu Cao festival as early as possible. So he was appointed supervisor by geijian. I'm careful to choose talents, and I'll be promoted first. Chen Shi's standard affairs were auspicious and punishable, and his achievements of ten days' propaganda were recorded. It is the Yue of the festival of giving, which is entrusted with the fiefdom. It was founded in Wanjiang and transferred to wuhui. Flying in the sea, reward for meritorious service and auspicious feats; fleeing quickly in the post office, the achievement and end Wei Jin rank. He was the governor of Lianqi and the chief executive of Xuanyou. He was responsible for the division of the three provinces, the overall program and discipline; he was in charge of the Yu policy of the Huaihe River and the Huaihe River, and he was responsible for the elimination of evil. We should keep our guard and do our best to rely on them; we should work hard and make great efforts. ② The instrument is bright and academic is well-known. Jupeng was able to write articles while Lilan was able to write articles. It was first in Shu, then in Huai. Looking at the group of officials, he was well prepared to drive. He was known by the emperor, so he invited Jane to give him a favor. I'm baozuo Yincheng, Wenlun wopei. In order to prepare for all the difficulties of the Netherlands, it is necessary to make frequent moves. He was brave when he was in Xinjiang and Qi, and loyal when he was in favor of Yue. After the river has been leveled, we should make all kinds of policies.

Lin Zexu: he was generous in leading the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, flattered and humiliated Xu, and his posthumous title was finally decided by the public opinion.

Chen Kangqi: first, Tao Wenyi is a man of integrity and integrity. He likes to talk about people, but he is afraid that there will not be enough, even though the court is right. ② Tao Wenyi Gongshu was an official in the Imperial Academy. He was respectful to Emperor Renzong. He only paid a visit to the ancestral mausoleum and completed the ceremony. Gongjin presented a twenty chapter preface to the song of Shangling, which was annotated by his disciple ZHENG Jichang. After Zhuang's recitation, Mu ran saw that the family law of this dynasty was good and the sage was filial. He felt that since the end of King Wu's sacrifice, there had been no such ceremony

Chinese PinYin : Tao Shu