Chen Ding

Chen Ding

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Chen Ding is a famous historian and tourist writer. Its original name was taixia, and it was also named Jiufu and Zizhong. It was named Hesha and later Tiejian Taoist. Jiangyin Zhouzhuang Town chenjiacang people (now Zhouxi Village). He lived in Yunnan Guizhou Plateau for a long time with his uncle. He studied the customs and customs of the southwest minorities and studied the geography and history of Yunnan and Guizhou. He returned to his hometown of Zhouzhuang and settled down. After his death, he was buried in the northern foot of the five peaks of Shashan mountain.

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Chen Ding (1650 -) was a scholar of the Qing Dynasty. Jiangyin Zhouzhuang Town chenjiacang people (now Zhouxi Village).

Chen Ding was born in 1650, and lived in Yunnan with his uncle when he was 10 years old. A year later, his uncle died of illness. More than 40 relatives, friends and child servants who came to Yunnan with his uncle died one after another. Only eight people were left, including his aunt Qian and his brother Qian Boke and his wife. Chen Ding went to his home for thousands of miles without any relatives. He lived in the Guandi temple in Qujing, East Yunnan, and depended on his aunt.

In order to make a living, Chen Ding's aunt pawned gold and silver jewelry, and paid her uncle a fee to sell cigarettes between Fujian and Guangxi. In the process of selling cigarettes, Qian Boke met the chieftain long Xuanwei. Long Xuanwei appreciated Qian Boke's calligraphy, so he hired Qian Ke to teach his sons calligraphy. Before long, Qian Boke's wife Yan also passed away. Her daughter was only 9 years old. Her grandmother taught her to read and write, taught her to read the biography of the martyr, and understood the main idea.

Chen Ding began to study with Mr. Hua Longyou from Wuxi. After Hua Longyou died, he was taught by his aunt. When I was 14 years old, I knew how to make art. At that time, there was a change in the imperial examination, which changed the original eight legged essay examination into a game theory. Many local scholars in Jingchuan, Yunnan, felt at a loss. When they heard that Chen Ding's theory was well written, they rushed to worship Chen Ding as their teacher. They had nearly 200 stones of grain a year, and their family's economic conditions were improved.

Qian Boke teaches in Tusi mansion and sympathizes with Chen Ding's mother and son. With the consent of Tusi long, Chen Ding's mother and son live in Tusi mansion. When Chen Ding was 16 years old, he took the local examination in Yunnan Province. He excelled in all seven arts and won the examination. Then he entered the capital to take part in the examination and failed. Seeing that Chen Ding was young and talented, long Tusi betrothed his eldest daughter long Jihuan to Chen Ding. Chen Ding married long Jihuan at the age of 17. At that time, long Jihuan was only 14 years old. The ancestors of the long family were Han people, most of whom knew Chinese and knew Chinese. When he was young, long Jihuan was good at Bo writing, painting mountains and rivers, and was familiar with Chinese. After getting married, he studied the Analects of Confucius, Mencius and filial piety with his aunt, and studied the calligraphy of Mrs. Wei and Erwang. Chen Ding married long Jiheng and gave birth to his eldest son, Jiamo. My second son Jiagao. The next year, he gave birth to three sons, Jiamou. In the third year, the 17-year-old long Jiheng died of a birth disease.

At the age of 21, Chen Ding was ordered by his aunt to marry Qian Boke's eldest daughter Qian Jie. Qian Jie was 17 years old at that time. She had a gentle personality. She knew books and could write poems, especially long and short sentences.

Chen Ding went to the capital in the winter of the second year of his marriage. The next year, he visited Shaanxi. Chen ding or sightseeing, or engaged in staff, make friends. For a period of time, because of the chaos of war, I couldn't go home. When the situation is stable and Chen Ding returns to Yunnan, his wife Qian Jie has already left the world. Qian Jie is a talented woman who has written many poems. Her works Qingluo manuscript and Rongting CI have been lost. A small number of poems have been included in the collection of Zhengshi, a lady of the Guochao Dynasty, Jiangsu Shizheng, Quanqing cichao and jiangshang Shichao.

After the age of 36, Chen Ding continued to set foot on the journey, drifting outside for decades, went through many places and wrote a number of valuable works.

In his later years, Chen Ding returned to his hometown of Zhouzhuang, Chen jiacang, where he collected his works and published them. Chen Ding lived to be more than 60 years old. His works are quite abundant, which can be called "works of equal quality".

works

Wedding of chieftains in Yunnan and Guizhou

Chen Ding wrote the wedding record of chieftains in Yunnan and Guizhou, which was originally named "the story of local customs in the cave", tracing back the origin of the clan of the longs chieftains, and introducing the influence of the Central Plains culture on the four families of song, Cai, Luo and long. Chen Ding went to the Tusi family and experienced the whole process of the Tusi family's wedding. He understood the marriage system and etiquette of the Tusi family and provided us with first-hand information about the inner life of the Tusi family. Chen Ding said in the book: "Yu you used words to know Xuanwei's father and son, and his eldest daughter Xu's words to ask for his name, to worship him, to accept him, to hire him, to greet him and to lay a foundation for the wild geese. I'm wandering in a foreign land. I'm as poor as a child. I'm able to prepare for the rites. I'm funded by my father and son With the support of his father-in-law and mother-in-law, long Xuanwei and his wife, Chen Ding married long's daughter. In the whole process of the wedding, in addition to the use of the national customs, mainly according to the provisions of "Zhou Li". The "Zhou Li" here mainly refers to the "ritual" in the ancient "three rites". The wedding of chieftains in Yunnan and Guizhou recorded in detail the process of welcoming, worshiping, Heying, saving and suizu. The ceremony was grand and enthusiastic, and the momentum was very large. It was a rare fusion of Han and Yi wedding.

The wedding records of chieftains in Yunnan and Guizhou recorded the customs of southwest ethnic minorities. In the past, the chieftain of the long family "married his eldest daughter as his eldest daughter, and there would be eight concubines." "The concubines may have the same surname, or choose a good family, or have a common property, but they can't have their own daughters." Chen Ding was the son-in-law of the chieftain of the long family. "He married eight concubines, half of whom belonged to the clan, and half of whom chose a good family. Most of them were the daughters of their ministers." He came from Jiangyin. When he saw these concubines, he didn't know their identity. Later, he knew they were concubines. According to his observation, Teng was alone in the evening, and he was forbidden to get up when he was sleeping. There was a lamp outside the curtain all night, and every night he served as a servant, just like a prisoner. "I dare not sit when I see my master. I often stand by him all day, and I dare not be lazy and proud." "If the master wants to sit with the concubines, he must lie on his couch; if he is in a chair, he will be punished when he hears about it." "When the concubine is angry with his master, the old lady will take the concubine's clothes and beat him in court. It's unforgivable." Thus it can be seen that when noble women married, they had to choose slaves or common people's daughters to marry. Even if these women were not pure slaves, their status was different from that of their maids, and they suffered miserably.

This book is a record of Chen Ding's personal experience, which is the first-hand material for the study of Yi chieftain's marriage customs. Since its publication in Kangxi period, the wedding notes of chieftains in Yunnan and Guizhou have been included in zhiwuzhai series, Zhaodai series, tongxuezhai series, xiaofanghuzhai Yudi congchao, Xiangyan series, notes novel grand view, Guizhou tongzhi (Republic of China), etc.

A tour of Yunnan and Guizhou

During the period of his marriage to Qian Jie, Chen Ding visited many places in Guizhou and Yunnan provinces and wrote two volumes of a journey to Yunnan and Guizhou. The travel notes of Guizhou describes the geography, mountains, caves, temples, products and historical sites of Guizhou. It also describes the experience of visiting Zhenyuan Prefecture, xinglongwei, Pingyue Prefecture, Guizhou Province, Anshun Prefecture and Zhenning Prefecture. In particular, it vividly describes the exploration of caves, and describes the customs of Miao people and the scenery of Guizhou in detail. Yunnan travel notes records Yunnan's scenic spots, mountains, plants, products, trade, architecture, nationalities, customs, etc. The records of Pingyi County, Diancangshan, Wuwei temple, Dali and other scenic spots are full and accurate. It focuses on the biography of Longzhou and Dongguo, records many products in Hehai and Taihe counties, records many trade contacts in Jinma, bijifang and xijiaochang outside dalimenwai, and describes the architecture of Chongsheng temple, the customs of Chuxiong, Yao'an and Huahua. The records of Dali Prefecture are particularly detailed, accounting for about half of the whole book. A tour of Yunnan and Guizhou is an important material for studying the geography, history and nationality of Yunnan and Guizhou.

Biographies of Donglin

Among Chen Ding's numerous works, the most famous one is biography of Donglin. Chen Ding believed that the Donglin Party in the late Ming Dynasty was dignified and respected the name, and many people sacrificed their lives to serve the festival. In order not to let their deeds be lost, Chen Ding decided to write a biography of Donglin Party members. With his luggage, he visited and collected information from more than 4600 people in more than 20 years, and wrote 60 volumes of biography of the martyrs. After the manuscript was finished, he came to the capital to present it to the National Museum of history. When he stayed in Chongwenmen's apartment at night, most of his manuscripts were stolen by thieves, leaving only five volumes of his name catalogue. After that, Chen Ding didn't get discouraged. He came to the Ni Gaoshi temple in Huishan, Liangxi, to sort out the manuscripts and supplement them. Referring to the records of Xizong and the list of Donglin Party members, he completed 24 volumes of Donglin biographies.

Biographies of Donglin focuses on setting up steles and biographies for Donglin people. Through Donglin people's words and deeds, it reflects the evolution process of Donglin Academy's rise and fall, as well as Donglin Party's ideological interest and integrity. The first volume records the seven emperors of Song Dynasty, Yang Shi, Luo Congyan, Yu Chu, you Mao, Li Xiang, Jiang Chongzhen and Hu Xun, who made Donglin start. From Volume 2 to 24, there are more than 180 Donglin intellectuals in Ming Dynasty, such as Shao Bao, Gu Xiancheng, Gao Panlong, Zuo Guangdou, Miao Changqi, Li Yingsheng, etc. The number of people in each volume varies from hundreds to thousands of words. For each biographer, we strive to narrate his name, trade name, native place, family background and life story. The biography of Donglin records the whole story of Donglin in Tianqi and Chongzhen dynasties of Ming Dynasty, which can make up for the deficiency of Ming history. Chen Ding was not far away from the time when Donglin Party members gathered together to give lectures. He paid more attention to the neglected rural literature and searched for decades. This book is actually a rare material for the study of society and thought in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. There are fifty years of Kangxi (1711) iron shoulder book house engraving. Qianlong 30 years (1765) was included in "Si Ku Quan Shu · Shi bu".

The biographies of Donglin is commented on by the late master of Chinese culture, Mr. Qian Mu, in his book the academic history of China in the past three hundred years (see the introduction of Chapter I for details).

Liu Xi

Chen Ding

Chinese PinYin : Chen Ding