Liu Zhiji

Liu Zhiji

Liu Zhiji (661-721), Zi Xuan, was born in Pengcheng, Xuzhou (now Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province). Tang Dynasty minister, historian.

In the first year of Emperor Gaozong's Yonglong reign in the Tang Dynasty (680), he became a Jinshi and was granted the title of "Shoujia" and was transferred to the Royal Palace cangcao to join the army. In the second year of Chang'an (702), he wrote notes on daily life and became a historian. He successively held the posts of zuolang, Zhuolang, Secretary Shaojian, Prince Zuo Shuzi, Zuo Sanqi Changshi, and also studied the history of the country. In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (721), Zuo Shi was demoted to be a BIE Jia in Anzhou. He was awarded to the prefect of Ji county and the Minister of the Ministry of industry. His posthumous title was Wen.

In the third year of Chang'an, he and Zhu Jingze compiled 80 volumes of Tang Shu. During the reign of Shenlong, he cooperated with Xu Jian to write the real record of Zetian. In the first year of Xianxian (712), Liu Chong, a genealogist, and others revised the clan annals and compiled 200 volumes of family name and clan system records, 20 volumes of Ruizong Shilu, 30 volumes of Zetian Shilu and 20 volumes of Zhongzong Shilu.

Character experience

Liu Zhiji was born in 661 ad.

In 680, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty promoted Jinshi. He was awarded the title of huaizhou Huojia, and wrote many times about it.

In the second year of the holy calendar (699), he served as Tsao in the palace of King Ding, and was ordered to work with Li Qiao, Xu Yanbo, Xu Jian, Zhang Shuo, etc. to compile the three religions Zhuying.

In the second year of Chang'an (702), he began to serve as a historian and write notes on daily life. He successively held the posts of zuolang, Zuoshi, Fengge Sheren, Secretary Shaojian, Prince zuoshuzi, Zuoshan, etc., and also studied national history.

In the third year of Chang'an (704), he wrote the history of Tang Dynasty with Li Qiao and others, and completed 80 volumes of Tang Shu. He studied the history of his family and wrote the family history of Liu and the genealogy of Liu.

In the second year of Shenlong (706), together with Xu Jian, Wu Jing and others, he completed the real record of Zetian.

In the second year of Jinglong (708), he resigned his position as a historian and began to write Shitong privately. He discussed the style and content of historical books in detail and expounded his views on historiography. The book was completed in the fourth year of Jinglong.

In the second year of Kaiyuan (714), he moved to the left to serve on horseback.

In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (721), his son Liu Fu committed a crime by making a Tai Le order and pleaded for it. Xuanzong was angry and denounced him as an Anzhou BIE Jia. He died in the same year and was awarded the title of "Wen" to the prefect of Jijun and the Minister of the Ministry of industry.

Characters and deeds

be erudite through paternal teaching and influence

Liu Zhiji was born in the family of a generation of officials, belonging to a scholarly family. His great grandfather, Liu Min, was the prefect of Weiyang in the Northern Qi Dynasty, and his grandfather, Liu Wu, was the county magistrate in the Sui Dynasty. Liu Zhiji's grandfather, Liu Yinzhi, had little study. In Sui Dynasty, he became friends with sun Wanshou, the Prime Minister of Xindu, and Li Baiyao, the Prime Minister of Zong Zhengqing. During the Wude reign of emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, he was the commander of Xindu. He once wrote the history of the country together with the son of the state, the wine worshiping Ling Hu de Fen and the writer Yang Renqing, and was awarded the title of Yangcheng County man.

Liu Zhiji's father, Liu Yanyou, was a famous scholar. Liu Zhiji's father, Liu cangqi, served as a censor in Gaozong. Wei Yuanzhong, the censor of supervision, praised Liu cangqi very much. Gaozong also planned to promote him to be the Minister of the Ministry of officials. Because Wei Xuantong opposed him, he released him as Sima of the state of song. He insisted on the law like a mountain, had nothing to do with himself, and was not afraid of the powerful. He even dared to criticize the emperor for "abandoning love" and "breaking his promise".

Liu Zhiji has two brothers, the elder brother zhirou and the middle brother Zhizhang. Zhirou is "simple and quiet in nature, beautiful and graceful". Both Zhiji and Zhiji are well-known for their good writing and good governance. He was a minister of the Ministry of industry, a guest of the crown prince, and a man of Pengcheng county. According to Li Yong's "tablet of the divine way of Liu zhirou", there are five times in the spring and Autumn period when the Duke was seventy. On June 15, the 11th year of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, he was ill, and he was admitted to the private family of kangsuli, the eastern capital According to this inference, zhirou was born in 649, which is 12 years older than Zhiji. Li Yong praised zhirou's forefathers for their "loyalty, simplicity, honesty, excellence in business, and special political principles." he praised zhirou for his "broad-minded years, learning from classics as the sea, elegant literature as the forest, important town as the mountain, quiet as the bone, clear talk and profound reasoning.". He is modest, but thrifty.

Liu Zhiji was born in 661, the first year of long Shuo, Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty. In that year, his father was four in fifty and zhirou was three in ten. He grew up in an official family and a scholarly family of "Gu Huang Shi Zhuan, Zhu Shi Bang Jia". The whole family atmosphere made Liu Zhiji get a good cultural education in his childhood.

Among Liu Zhiji's forefathers, his grandfather Liu Yinzhi and his father Liu Yanyou had a lot to do with historiography. His father and brother were both famous for ci poetry. In his childhood, Liu Zhiji was often praised by his father and brother, and was good at ci poetry, which laid a solid foundation for his academic career.

Liu Zhiji's success in historiography may have been influenced by his ancestors and father, but more importantly, his personal interests. His father was able to follow his temperament and adopted the method of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", which mobilized Liu Zhiji's enthusiasm to study and made him smoothly embark on the road of historiography.

Juvenile learning

Liu Zhiji's study and life in his youth are recorded in Shi Tong. "Autobiography" said: to the kindergarten, early travel literature. When he was in Wanqi in 1949, he was accepted by the ancient book of history. It is difficult to satirize because of the difficulty of its words. Although he was beaten repeatedly, his career failed. I've heard that Jiajun talks about Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan for his brothers and listens to it every time he discards the book. When you have finished speaking, you will be told. He sighed and said, "if all books are like this, I won't be lazy any more." At first, he was surprised by his meaning, so he began to teach Zuo Shi, and finished his recitation. So there are only two in ten. Although we can't get a deep understanding of what we said, we should give a brief explanation. My father and brother wanted to make a good view of the classics. After he left for Lin, he didn't see anything about it. He begged and looked at the rest of the Department to spread the news. I read history, Han Dynasty and three kingdoms. If you want to know the history of the past and the present, you can count on each other, so you can touch the category and look at it.

Since the rise of the Han Dynasty, it has been recorded by the royal family for seven years. Most of the books he read were fake and rented. Although his part was incomplete, his chapter was left behind. As for the outline of narration and the outline of his speech, he knew it roughly. However, I have no time to concentrate on history. Liu Zhiji's autobiography describes his reading life before the age of 20. Liu Zhiji read Zuozhuan at the age of 11, followed by Shi, Han, and the annals of the Three Kingdoms, and read again that "since the rise of the Han Dynasty, it has been down to the Royal record". He not only read only one history, but also "touched the category and looked at it". At the age of 17, he "had a glimpse of Zhou". There are 817 historical books and 13264 volumes in Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi. By half, it's quite considerable.

Liu Zhiji took a road of his own. He didn't follow the road of "refining this Sutra" and "after he left to get Lin, he didn't see anything about it. He begged to observe the rest of the Sutra and spread the news.". The purpose of his extensive reading of ancient and modern historical books is to understand "the history of ancient and modern, the succession of the past and the present". He "looks at the past and the present, and does not fake the teacher's instructions". He knows "the outline of narration and the outline of speech" roughly. In order to understand the changes of ancient and modern times, the purpose and method of this kind of study is to "understand the changes of ancient and modern times".

First of all, he didn't blindly believe in the teacher's training, but also showed a certain skeptical and critical spirit towards the teacher's training and Cheng theory. In his autobiography, he said: "when I was young, I watched books and liked to talk about names and principles. Those who understood them all got their inner organs, not from learning.". Therefore, in Zongjiao, when reading ban and Xie's Han Dynasty, it is strange that the former book should not have a table of ancient and modern people, and the latter book should be a reformer. At that time, those who heard about it shared the responsibility of thinking that the boy did not know, but dared to talk lightly about his predecessors. So he was embarrassed and lost himself. Later, Zhang Heng and Fan Ye's works were collected, and the results were not based on the two histories. There are those who coincide with the ancients. They can't win the rule until they know that it's difficult for them to be popular. Where there are similarities and differences, they should be stored in every square inch. " Liu Zhiji's questioning spirit is an important feature of his academic style. In his youth, Liu Zhiji had a lot of books and accumulated profound knowledge of ancient and modern times, thus laying a lifelong foundation of knowledge. This broad road of study is another characteristic of young Liu Zhiji's study. As mentioned earlier, it is not easy for young Liu Zhiji to "glance at the ancient and modern historical books" before the age of 17. Besides classics and history, he also read a lot of literary books.

Although he is good at history, he is also fond of poetry and Fu because of the influence of family learning tradition and the teaching of his father and brother.

He was promoted by the imperial examination in the first year of emperor Yonglong (680). In the chapter of Shi Tong Wu Shi, it is said that "when you are young, you have heard about poetry and etiquette, and you have long been involved in art and literature. As for the rumors of history, you are particularly pleased with them", which generally reflects his learning process before he was promoted to Jinshi. The combination of classics, history and literature laid the foundation for his lifelong study.

Liu Zhiji's "being famous for his classmates" should have happened around the age of 20. He said: "Yu Youxi is fond of poetry and Fu, but Zhuang does not do it. He is ashamed to get his name from a scholar. He hopes that he will call himself a narrator." "Yu Chu was very good at writing and was well-known at that time. Later he talked about history and biography, so he reduced his price to his confidant." Combined with the words of "servants and children learn poetry and rites, have a long experience in art and literature, and as for historical rumors, they are especially pleased by them", we can see Zhiji's way of running literature and history in his youth.

It was also disclosed in Shi Tong's autobiography that before the imperial examination, he had "no time" to "concentrate on various histories", while after "shece ascended the imperial court", he "wanted to have leisure, so he could travel to Beijing and Luoyang for many years. He borrowed books from the public and the private, and read freely." This shows that Zhiji received a good education in his childhood. From his family education, he fell in love with history very early, and established his wish to study and study history. Before the age of 20, because of his father's and brother's Dai Tao, he once loved poetry and prose, which won the world's praise. After entering the official career, he devoted himself to the cause of historiography.

Stepping into official career

Liu Zhiji entered his official career after he was 20 years old. With the development of his knowledge, he gradually formed his own views on history. Zhiji Jinshi and after the Ministry of official examination, awarded Huojia county (now Huojia County, Henan Province) Master book

Chinese PinYin : Liu Zhi Ji