Shangguan Waner

Shangguan Waner

Shangguan Wan'er (664-710, July 21), a woman official, poet and imperial concubine of the Tang Dynasty, was born in Shanzhou county (today's Shanzhou, Henan Province) and was born in Shangying county (today's Tianshui, Gansu Province). After her grandfather shangguanyi was convicted and killed, she went to the inner court with her mother Zheng as a maid.

Shangguan Wan'er was highly valued by Wu Zetian for her wisdom and good writing skills. She was granted the title of "Nei she Ren". She was in charge of the imperial court for many years and was known as "female prime minister". During the reign of emperor Zhongzong of Tang Dynasty, he was granted Zhaorong, who was more powerful and had a prominent position in the political and literary circles. From then on, he was in charge of the internal and external government decrees as a royal concubine and a member of the imperial family. During this period, he presided over the elegant style and commented on the world's poetry and prose. At that time, many CI ministers collected their poems, and 32 poems were collected in Quan Tang Shi. In 710, Li Longji, king of Linzi, launched the Tang Long coup and was killed at the same time as empress Wei. In the second year of Jingyun (711), Zhaorong was re granted the title of Huiwen. He was buried in hongduyuan, maodao Township, Xianyang County, Yongzhou.

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Life of the characters

highborn

Shangguan Wan'er claims to be the descendant of three generations of Shangguan Jie, Shangguan an and Shangguan period in the Western Han Dynasty. His grandfather Shangguan was a virtuous official to the eunuch of Youzhou in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. His great grandfather shangguanhong was the vice governor of Jiangdu palace in the Sui Dynasty, and his grandfather shangguanyi was the Prime Minister of Gaozong in the Tang Dynasty.

In the first year of Linde (664), Shangguan Yi, her grandfather, was killed by Wu Zetian together with Shangguan Tingzhi for drafting an imperial edict to abolish Wu Zetian for Gaozong. Shangguan Wan'er, who was just born, and her mother, Zheng, were married to yeting. During the period of being a slave in yeting, under the careful training of her mother, Shangguan Wan'er read poems and books very well. She was not only able to recite poems and write articles, but also wise and intelligent in official affairs.

The queen dotes on me

In the second year of Yifeng (677), Wu Zetian summoned Shangguan Wan'er, who was only 14 years old, to make an examination on the spot. Shangguan Wan'er is composed in an instant without any words. It is fluent in meaning, gorgeous in diction and beautiful in language. It really seems to be formed from a long history. After Wu Zetian saw Da Yue, she immediately ordered her to be relieved of her maidservant status and let her take charge of the imperial edict.

According to the epitaph, Wu Zetian was a gifted man at the age of 13, which may be the name given by Wu Zetian in order to get rid of her maidservant status.

Later, Empress Wu was called emperor, and those who issued imperial edicts were called "Nei she Ren". Soon after, Shangguan Wan'er was executed for disobeying his will. However, Wu Zetian cherished her literary talent and granted a special pardon, only to tattoo her face. After that, Shangguan Wan'er served him carefully and catered to Wu Zetian's wishes.

From the first year of Tongtian (696) (from Jinglong wenguanji, the old book of Tang Dynasty is the holy calendar year), he was asked to deal with Baisi Zou Biao, participate in government affairs, and become increasingly powerful.

Become Zhaorong

In the first year of Shenlong (705), Zhang Cambodian and other ministers who supported Li Tang clan launched the Shenlong coup, and Wu Zetian was forced to abdicate. After the Shenlong coup, Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty restored the throne, and ordered Shangguan Wan'er to take charge of drafting imperial edicts. She was deeply trusted and worshipped as Zhaorong, and granted his mother Zheng's name as peiguo's wife.

Shangguan Wan'er also had a lot of contacts with empress Wei and Princess Anle, and repeatedly persuaded empress Wei to follow the story of Empress Wu Zetian. So empress Wei asked that all the people in the country should mourn for their mother who was abandoned by her father for three years. Li Xiandu also requested that the people of the world should not be considered as adults until they are 23 years old, and that they should be exempted from labor at the age of 59, and that the system should be changed to collect the popularity of the people.

Shangguan Wan'er recommended Wu Sansi to empress Wei and led him to the palace. Li Xian began to discuss political affairs with Wu Sansi, and Zhang Cambodian and others were restrained by Wu Sansi from then on. Soon, with the support of empress Wei and Princess Anle, Wu Sansi successively designed to demote Zhang cambzhi, Huan yanfan, Jinghui, Yuan Shuji and Cui Xuanwei. Shangguan Wan'er had an affair with him, and in the imperial edicts she drafted, she often praised Wu's family and suppressed the royal family, which made Prince Li chongjun angry.

In July of the first year of Jinglong (707), Li chongjun and General Li duozuo of zuoyulin issued an imperial edict to kill Wu Sansi and Wu chongxun in his residence. They also killed more than ten people who were close to his party. They also led troops to cut through the gate of suzhang and knock on the gate of Ge to search Shangguan Wan'er. Shangguan Wan'er fled to Tang Zhongzong and empress Wei, and threatened to say: "the intention of watching the prince is to kill Shangguan Wan'er first, and then arrest the empress and Her Majesty in turn." In a fit of rage, Li Xian and empress Wei took Shangguan Wan'er and Princess Anle to the Xuanwu Gate to avoid the attack. They ordered Liu Jingren, the general of the right feather forest, to lead more than 2000 people to ride in front of the Taiji hall and defend himself behind closed doors. Li chongjun was defeated and killed.

But according to the epitaph, Shangguan Wan'er admonished Zhongzong four times against making Princess Anle the Empress Dowager. She didn't get the permission of Tang Zhongzong from the accusation to the resignation, and then to the haircut. After drinking the poison, the imperial doctor gave emergency treatment and was able to save his life.

Leading the style of writing

Shangguan Wan'er was deeply trusted by Emperor Li Xian and empress Wei of the Tang Dynasty. She specialized in internal affairs. Her grandfather's case was also vindicated. Shangguan Yi pursued zhongshuling, governor of Qinzhou, Duke of Chu, and Shangguan Tingzhi pursued Huangmen Shilang, governor of Qizhou, Duke of Tianshui.

Since then, Shangguan Wan'er often persuaded Li Xian to set up a large number of Zhao Wenguan scholars, widely summoned the officials of CI studies in the current Dynasty, and gave many banquets, entertainments and poems. Each time, he took the place of Li Xian, empress Wei and Princess Anle at the same time. He wrote several poems at the same time. The poems were beautiful, and most people chanted and sang at that time. Li Xian also asked her to evaluate the poems written by the minister, and the one who ranked first was often awarded the golden Baron, which was extremely valuable. Therefore, poetry and Fu became popular both inside and outside the imperial court. Shangguan Wan'er is fond of collecting books. She has collected more than ten thousand volumes of books, all of which are fragrant. A hundred years later, his books are still popular, fragrant and free from insects.

After the death of her mother, Zheng Shi, she became Mrs. Jie Yi. Wan'er lowered her rank to Jieyu as a sign of mourning, and soon recovered.

Li Xian also sent people to build rocks in the pool where Shangguan Wan'er lived. They were extremely poor in carving, and often invited ministers to feast. At that time, the imperial ban was relaxed, allowing officials to enter and leave the palace at will. So Shangguan Wan'er and some Palace officials bought and built houses outside the palace, and often exchanged with them. Some people sought high-ranking official positions because of this. Cui Shi, the Minister of Zhongshu, was cited as the prime minister after having an affair with Shangguan Waner. Before long, Cui Shi was impeached by imperial censor Li Shangyin and demoted to Sima of other prefectures for his crime when he presided over the election. He was also restored to his original position because of Shangguan Wan'er and Princess Anle's reasoning.

Killed in coup

In the fourth year of Jinglong (710), the power of Princess Taiping became more and more powerful, and Shangguan Wan'er attached to Princess Taiping. On the second day of June, Li Xian died suddenly. Empress Wei arranged all her party members and clansmen, including the political posts of Taige, the power of internal and external troops and the central forbidden army. The power of the imperial government fell to Wei. Shangguan Wan'er and Princess Taiping drafted an imperial edict, which established Li chongmao as the crown prince, Li Dan as the assistant minister, and empress Wei as the Regent of the empress dowager, in order to balance the forces of all parties. However, the prime ministers Zong Chuke and Wei Wen changed the imperial edict and advised Empress Wei to follow Empress Wu Zetian's example.

Li Longji, the Linzi king who got the news, negotiated with Princess Taiping and decided to start first. On June 20, the first year of Tang Long (July 21, 710), Li Longji launched Tang Long's coup, stormed the palace with forbidden officers and soldiers, and killed empress Wei, Princess Anle and all empress Wei's party. When Li Longji led the army into the palace, Shangguan Wan'er held a candle and led the palace people to greet him, and showed Liu youqiu the imperial edict drawn up by her and Princess Taiping to prove that she was standing with Li Tang clan. Liu youqiu took the imperial edict and begged Li Longji for mercy, but Li Longji did not allow her to behead Shangguan Wan'er. Later, she was buried in hongduyuan, maodao Township, Xianyang County, Yongzhou. Princess Taiping was very sad. She sent someone to hang a memorial ceremony and paid 500 pieces of silk.

In July of the second year of Jingyun (711), Zhaorong was re granted the title of Huiwen. However, according to the epitaph unearthed in September 2013, it can be determined that Shangguan Wan'er was buried in August of the first year of Jingyun, and the epitaph cover has been engraved with "Shangguan's epitaph of Zhaorong in the Tang Dynasty", which can be determined that the title of Zhaorong was restored soon after Shangguan Wan'er died, that is, when he was buried, rather than the July of the second year of Jingyun recorded in history books.

In the early years of Kaiyuan Dynasty, Li Longji sent people to collect Shangguan Wan'er's poems and compile them into twenty volumes. But according to Zhang Shuo's preface to Tang Zhaorong Shangguan's anthology, combined with the content of the epitaph, it is speculated that Princess Taiping's request for anthology should be made. This collection is now lost, and only 32 poems are included in the complete collection of Tang poems.

Main achievements

Shangguan Wan'er inherited and developed her grandfather shangguanyi's style of writing in poetry. She attached importance to the formal skills of poetry, paid more attention to the beauty of sound and words, and was good at reflecting the delicacy and delicacy of things. During the reign of emperor Zhongzong, because of his political status, the style of "Qi CuO Wan Mei" gradually influenced the direction of creation of court poets and other scholars, and "Shangguan style" also became the mainstream of creation in the upper class society. Wang mengou recorded in his research on poetics in the early Tang Dynasty that "after Zhongzong's restoration, he repeatedly gave banquets and wrote poems, all of which took Wan'er as the genre of Ci poetry, and tasted the poems written by the second group of ministers. He had to weigh whether they were elegant or not, so the imperial court became more and more popular.".

Shangguan Wan'er set up Xiuwen hall, widely called the officials of CI studies, and vigorously carried out cultural activities. During this period, Wan'er presided over the elegant atmosphere, competed with the scholars for affairs, wrote poems, and praised the scholars. Xie Wuliang, a theorist of modern literature and art, said that "Wan'er inherited her ancestors and competed with other scholars for the work of huazao. Shen and song Yingzhi's works were mostly evaluated by Wan'er. At that time, they admired each other and became a custom. Therefore, Shangguan's ancestors and grandchildren made great contributions to the formation of rhyme poetry.".

In addition, Shangguan Wan'er also made many contributions in developing the theme of landscape poetry in Tang Dynasty, such as "you Changning Princess Liubei pool", which broke through the previous palace poetry form of describing scenery, implied in the scenery, but more natural

Chinese PinYin : Shang Guan Wan Er