Liu Zongzhou

Liu Zongzhou

Liu Zongzhou (1578-1645), a Han nationality, was born in Shanyin, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. He was called Mr. Jishan by scholars because he taught in Jishan, Shanyin.

In the 29th year of Wanli (1601), he was a Jinshi, and in the first year of Tianqi (1621), he was the head of the Ministry of rites. In the fourth year, he participated in the activities of Donglin Party. He was suspended for half a year because of Shangshu's impeachment of Wei Zhongxian, and his citizenship was reduced to the people. In the first year of Chongzhen (1628), he was the Minister of shuntianfu and the Minister of the Ministry of industry. In the fourteenth year (1641), he was the Minister of the Ministry of officials. He was soon promoted to the imperial censor of zuodu. Because of the disagreement between Shangshu and the imperial court, he was dismissed. In the Hongguang Dynasty of the Southern Ming Dynasty, he returned to his native place, but he resigned because of his disagreement with Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng. When the news of the Qing army's invasion of Hangzhou spread to Shaoxing, Liu Zongzhou, who was having a meal, pushed aside the food and went on a hunger strike. During the Qing Dynasty, belleboro was employed by courtesy, and Liu Zongzhou "did not open the book.". He fasted for 23 days and died on the 8th of June.

Liu Zongzhou taught in Donglin and Shoushan academies, Gao Panlong and Zou yuanbiao, and later built Jishan witness Academy. Wang Yangming, the school's founder, advocated "sincerity and respect" and "caution and independence" as his merit. Huang Zongxi, Chen que, Zhang Luxiang, Chen Hongshou, Qi biaojia and other well-known scholars and dignified scholars all came out of their doors, known as "Jishan school". His works are Liu Zi Quan Shu and Liu Zi Quan Shu Yi Bian.

brief account of the author's life

At the beginning of the apocalypse, he was in charge of the Ministry of rites. Li you Tong Zheng. Because of impeachment of Wei Zhongxian and the Hakkas, he returned home. In the early days of Chongzhen period, Yin of shuntianfu was born. If you don't report it, Xie Jigui came back. Then he began to teach the Minister of the Ministry of industry and promoted the censor of zuodou. Jiang CAI and Xiong Kaiyuan were dismissed. King Fu supervised the state and became a former official. He denounced the current political situation and impeached Ma Shiying, Liu kongzhao, Liu Zeqing and Gao Jie. He argued that Ruan Dacheng would not be used. He would not listen and begged for his bones. Hangzhou lost and died on the 23rd. In the Qing Dynasty, he pursued his posthumous title Zhongjie. Scholars call it Mr. niantai. He was also called Mr. Jishan. Zongzhou's works are quite rich, including 17 volumes of liujishan collection, Liuzi Quanshu, Zhouyi guwenchao, the Analects of Confucius study case, shengxuezongyao, etc., all of which have been handed down to the world.

Liu Zongzhou, originally named charter, was born in Shanyin County, Shaoxing prefecture (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Later, because he taught in Jishan, north of Shanyin County, he was honored as Mr. Jishan. He was born on the 26th of the first month of the sixth year of Wanli (March 4, 1578), and his father died when he was less than one year old. Therefore, he was supported by his mother in his grandfather Zhang Ying's family since childhood.

Zhang Ying, also known as Shulu and Nanzhou, was a famous Confucianist in eastern Zhejiang at that time, who was proficient in Yi. When he was young, he tried again and again, so he made a living by giving lectures. Together with his brothers, Zhang Li and Zhang Huan, he was known as the three heroes of the Zhang family. He has a unique teaching method, so there are many students who are promoted to high rank, such as Tao Wangling, Zhou Yingzhong, famous scholars and bureaucrats from his family.

Personal experience

Liu Zongzhou was cultivated by his grandfather, and his knowledge was improving day by day. At the age of 17, he studied manufacturing from Lu nianbin. Because of his own efforts and his master's ability to bring up students, Liu Zongzhou's eight part essay was very good in only one year, which created conditions for his future accession.

In the 25th year of Wanli (1597), Liu Zongzhou passed the examination of Juren. Four years later, he passed the examination of Jinshi. But because of his mother's death, he was not in charge. Later, he learned from Xu Fuyuan, a Deqing scholar in Huzhou.

Xu Fuyuan, named Meng Zhong and Jing'an, was a disciple of Tang Shu (Yi'an) under Zhan Ruoshui (Ganquan). The main purpose of his study is to "restrain oneself" and "believe in conscience, while evil men help conscience to become Buddhists". Therefore, it is inconsistent with Luo rufang's (Jinxi) school. He thinks that Luo and his disciples "regard no good and no evil as their religion" and do not conform to Wang Yangming's "true biography", so he puts forward "nine truths" to discuss it. When Liu Zongzhou paid homage to Xu as his teacher, he asked for the importance of learning, and Xu told him to "preserve natural principles and curb human desires.". Liu Zongzhou was greatly influenced by Xu Fuyuan. From then on, he "inspired the study of sages" and thought that it was better to enter the Tao than to be respectful

In the following year (1604, the 32nd year of Wanli), Liu Zongzhou went to the capital to be elected as a pedestrian secretary. After passing by Deqing, he bid farewell to Xu Fuyuan. Xu encouraged him to "study for the sake of practice instead of empty knowledge", and Liu Zongzhou "strove for it". In his whole life, he highly praised Xu. He once said: "for more than twenty-six years, he has traveled from the Qing Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, and has studied in his own city. Today, he has heard a lot about Xu." he has always been a teacher of Xu. Later, he advocated the theory of "cautious independence", which has a lot to do with Xu Fuyuan.

At that time, the government was dark, the officials in power were in charge, the friends were traitors, and the upright people were excluded. Wanli emperor was fatuous and decadent. He lived in the government and took alchemy for decades. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a tendency that "the rain was coming and the wind was full of buildings". Less than a year after he became an official, Liu Zongzhou left to return to his hometown on the ground of serving his relatives. Soon after, his grandfather and grandfather died one after another. He lived in the Buddhist house of Dashan temple, where he continued to teach students in his spare time. He lived in idleness for seven years, suffering from poverty and illness. I was in a broken bed, unable to keep food and clothing, and often lived on loans. However, he did not go to the public court, and he refused to see officials who paid a visit.

In the 40th year of Wanli (1612), the imperial court issued an imperial edict to restore Liu Zongzhou's old position as the director of pedestrian. On the way to the north, I passed Wuxi and visited gaopanlong. Gao and Gu Xian were the great masters of Neo Confucianism at that time and the founders of Donglin Academy. They were regarded as the great masters of Confucianism by the scholars and bureaucrats all over the world. Liu Zongzhou stayed in Wuxi for a short time, and exchanged knowledge with Gao. He studied three books, one was about living in a square inch, the other was about poor reason, and the third was about the similarities and differences between Confucianism and Buddhism and their respect. From then on, Liu Zongzhou's theory became more and more contrary and engaged in the work of governing the mind.

At that time, the Donglin Party members and the ministers of the central government attacked each other, which was like fire and water. Liu Zongzhou pointed out in his book "revisionism to cultivate the vitality of the country by cultivating the people's mind", that the court officials were increasingly competitive, the party was common, the people were declining, and the scholars were learning to be dangerous. He hoped that the imperial court would turn to partiality and end up in a state of peace, and that it would not be necessary to separate evil from good through the door. This memorial gives a positive analysis of the party struggle at that time. It is not entirely based on the Donglin Party, nor on its political enemies. Liu Zongzhou, who invented Gu Xiancheng's theory in qianshuzhong, was regarded as sympathetic to the Donglin Party. In view of the fact that the small group was in power and the party was in danger, he applied to the Ministry of civil servants for leave. At that time, Han JunShang, governor of Jiangxi Province, impeached Liu Zongzhou, compared with Shao Zhengmao. He said that he "acted falsely and said that he was strong enough to disturb the world. He begged Shangfang to punish him, believing that he was a warning to deceive the world and slander the people. Thanks to Gu, Liu Tingyuan attacked him one after another. So he set out on his way home.

Liu Zongzhou felt relaxed after he was dismissed. He has long wanted to devote himself to learning and put aside the entanglement of the world. In the book with Zhou Sheng, he wrote:

"It is shameful to be an ordinary man to study without flattery. Both through the book, every hold Geng Geng, think a report to your father, finish the righteousness of the body. I will try my best in times of difficulty. In the field of storm and thorns, death is the way to get trapped. If you are stupid, you will be sad. However, they are careful and willing to mediate. They don't know how small a group is outside, and they don't see any gentlemen inside. They are stupid and depressed, and their aspirations are sad. Alas, the current affairs are changing day by day, and the road of justice hinders the mourning. If there is an urgent struggle, it will be defeated, and if there is a slow adjustment, it will also be defeated. Although there are ovaries, I can't borrow today's book. I can see the thorns and the camels! "Yi" said: "villain peel Lu, eventually not long also." What is the advantage of Cao? We will work hard to build our hearts for heaven and earth, our lives for the people, and the unity of all things. If my husband's whole body is full of ups and downs, he will have gone out. But if you can't learn, if you can't cultivate your virtue, if you can't get enough land quickly, then you will die. What's the point of the world and the people? This is not sycophant of tired and can not from also. In the past, Han retired from the middle and abandoned it. He wrote Jin Xue Jie to encourage himself, so he became a famous Confucianist

The villain is in charge of the way, and the state affairs are changing day by day. He can't be a famous official to help the world, so he can be a famous Confucian to promote the way. Therefore, Liu Zongzhou went to the road of introspection.

Liu Zongzhou "didn't like Xiangshan and Yangming's learning in his early years". He thought that Lu and Wang's learning of the mind "all believed in their original heart to prove their holiness. If they didn't like self-discipline, they didn't need to think about things", which easily led to Zen learning. Therefore, he once said: "Wang Shouren's learning conscience is also good and evil, and its disadvantages must be due to the stubborn and shameless Buddha." But in his middle age, his academic ideas changed a lot. After this time, he studied behind closed doors and turned to Lu Wang's theory of mind. In his article on mind, he expounded his own view of mind. He thought that "only one mind can be scattered into ten thousand changes, and all changes can be returned to one mind." it's a great idea that the original must end, which is the theory of knowing death and life. It shows that Liu Zongzhou completed the transformation of the theory of mind from "doubt at the beginning" to "trust in the middle".

In his spare time of teaching, Liu Zongzhou wrote two important works, the Analects of Confucius learning plan and Zeng Zi's Zhangju. In the Analects of Confucius learning plan, Liu Zongzhou stressed that "learning words is the first meaning of Confucius", indicating that "the gentleman should be cautious and independent in learning, and establish the foundation directly from the outside of the voice", "seeing, hearing, speaking and moving, one heart also; if this heart does not exist, then seeing, hearing, speaking and moving are everywhere ill and all wrong. If you think clearly, if you listen to Sicong, if you think loyal, if you think respectfully, you will be far away. " It reflects that his academic thought is born out of mind learning and hopes to correct the loss of mind learning. This shows that Liu Zongzhou began to change Yangming's theory of mind from "zhongerxin" to "zhongerbiannan".

Liu Zongzhou lived for three years. During this period, his academic thought became more and more mature, and his reputation was far-reaching. At this time, the internal and external troubles of Ming Dynasty became more and more serious. Manchu in Northeast China became more and more powerful, and Ming army lost year after year. Liu Zongzhou is in the river

Chinese PinYin : Liu Zong Zhou