Qin Jia
Qin Jia
Qin Jia, the word will be, Longxi (today's Gansu Tongwei) people. A poet of the Eastern Han Dynasty. When Emperor Huan was a county official, he was an envoy to Luoyang at the end of his life and was appointed huangmenlang. Later, he died in jinxiangting. When Qin Jia went to Luoyang, his wife Xu Shu returned home due to illness and was unable to see him off. After Qin Jia died, brother Xu Shu forced her to remarry. She was widowed all her life. Qin Jia's and Xu Shu's poems and essays are collected in Yan Kejun's three dynasties, Qin Han, Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties' writings in ancient times, and Fu Qinli's poems of pre Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Nan and Northern Dynasties.
brief introduction
The date of birth and death of Qin Jia and Xu Shu has always been described in literature as "unknown". According to Lu Kanru's research, Qin Jiasheng's year should be around 130 A.D. and his death should be around 170 A.D. According to the youthful temperament of his poems, his three poems for women should be written around 30 years old. Mr. Li Binghai's textual research shows that Qin Jia's birth date should be between 121 A.D. and 132 A.D. and his age of writing poems should be about 30 years old. These conclusions should be in line with the actual situation of Qin Jia. From this, we can infer that Qin Jia was born in 130 years old, and he was about 30 years old when he wrote "poems for women" (around 162 years old). According to the history of Chinese literature edited by Yuan Xingkai, the specific time when Qin Jia entered Luoyang can be inferred. According to the biography of Yang Zhen in the book of the later Han Dynasty, "most of the councillors of the prefectures stayed and worshipped as lang. according to the above words, there were more than 700 people in the three departments of Lang, and the money was empty. And bad Shou Xiang, because the country for the pool, douzhuo defiance. Also absolutely worship, in order to plug coveted end. From then on, Emperor Huan passed away, and there was no one left to worship. " Yang Bing wrote in the winter of the fifth year of Yanxi (162), after he took the place of Liu Ju as Taiwei. It can be seen that Qin Jia entered luochu and Huangmen langdang was before the fifth year of Yanxi (162), and after emperor Huan killed Liangji in the second year of Yanxi (159). Qin Jiazheng was thirty years old. He was full of spirit and talent. He was famous for his royal residence. With the ideal of "clearing the world with emotion", he went to Beijing to be Huang menlang.
Qin Jia was born in Pingxiang County, Hanyang county. Many materials about the birthplaces of Qin Jia and Xu Shu are generally called Longxi, but there is no detailed research. Xu Ling's Yutai new chant (Volume I) preface to Qin Jia's poems for women (three poems): "Qin Jia, a native of Longxi, is a member of the county. His wife, Xu Shu, returned home after her illness. She didn't get a face-to-face farewell and presented her poem to yun'er. " Yu Shinan's Beitang shuchao (volume 136): "in the Qin Dynasty, Jia was a member of the literati Association, and also a member of Longxi people. In the Han Dynasty, when Emperor Huan was in charge of the county, he entered Luo, except huangmenlang, and died in jinxiangting." Tongwei county annals mostly adopts its theory. However, there are many contradictions or inaccuracies in the literature, and there are many doubts about the date of Qin Jia's birth and the cause of his death. The so-called "Longxi" of the ancients was a broad geographical concept. The actual native place of Qin Jia should be Pingxiang County, Hanyang County, which is now Tongwei County, Gansu Province. "Pingxiang county was established in the third year of the reign of emperor Ding of the Yuan Dynasty; Hanyang County in the later Han Dynasty; Pingxiang County in the Three Kingdoms and Jin Dynasties; provinces in the northern and Southern Dynasties; Longxi County in the Sui and Tang Dynasties; no County in the Five Dynasties; Tongwei Fort in the early Song Xining, county in the middle of Yuanfeng, Gongzhou County in the fifth year of Chongning; Tongwei County in the yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties." According to the fifth annals of the prefecture and state in the book of the later Han Dynasty, "Hanyang Prefecture was established by Emperor Wu and renamed Tianshui in the 17th year of Yongping." 2398 according to the records of Tongwei county annals (1613-1616) and Tongwei county annals (1613-1616), Qin Jia and Xu Shu were from Tongwei County, Gansu Province. Wen Hulin's textual research on the life of Qin Jia and Xu Shu, he Yu's textual research on the hometown of Eastern Han poet Qin Jia and Xu Shu in today's Tongwei County, and other articles, through full and accurate historical data, believe that "there is no doubt that the hometown of Qin Jia and Xu Shu is in today's Tongwei county".
history
The Eastern Han Dynasty followed many principles and policies of the Western Han Dynasty, and made adjustments and reforms in some aspects to make it more suitable for the social situation at that time. In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the political power further strengthened the integration with the local forces, making the country tend to be stable, and surpassing the level of the Western Han Dynasty in economy, culture, science and technology. In 105 A.D., Cai Lun reformed the paper making technology on the basis of his predecessors, which made the way of writing away from the era of using bamboo slips. At the same time, papermaking, as one of the four familiar inventions in ancient China, has been handed down to the present day. Another contribution of the Eastern Han Dynasty to later generations was the development of pottery industry, which completely broke away from the material constraints of the bronze age and brought some articles previously owned by the aristocrats into the homes of ordinary people.
The literature of the Eastern Han Dynasty has a great development. There are mainly two kinds of literary works in the Eastern Han Dynasty: Ci Fu and five character poetry. In terms of Fu, there were many writers in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but most of them were imitations. Ban Gu's two capitals Fu and Zhang Heng's two capitals Fu are widely spread. Wang Yi, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, compiled Qu Yuan, Song Yu and some of the Fu of the Han Dynasty, and annotated them as "chapters and sentences of Chu Ci", which made the pronunciation and meaning of Chu Ci spread to later generations. Five character poetry is a new literary genre in the Han Dynasty. It was only popular among the people in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, some scholars began to write five character poetry. Nineteen Ancient Poems are masterpieces in the creation of five character poems, which have a great influence on the development of poetry in the future. Although five character poetry has only one more word than four character poetry, it has one more note in rhythm and one more word position in syntax, so it can express more abundant content. As a poet of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Qin Jia's poetic language is simple and natural, and his feelings are sincere and moving.
In the field of natural science, the academic circles of the Eastern Han Dynasty, represented by Zhang Heng, had made great achievements; Zhang Heng made scientific instruments such as "armillary sphere" and "seismograph" with superb technology, and the principle of making these instruments is still widely used. In addition, Hua Tuo, a famous doctor at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was the first surgeon to use anesthesia technology for surgical treatment of patients. His "Wuqinxi" was the first gymnastic fitness activity in China.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy and painting were not only used as graphic symbols, but their artistic status gradually revealed. Although there are not many works of art handed down from the Eastern Han Dynasty today, we can still get a glimpse of the Han culture.
Artistic achievements
Qin Jia's three poems for women are the symbol of the maturity of the five character Lyric Poems of the literati in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Qin Jia's and Xu Shufu's wives have experienced the sentimental separation of life and death, and their poems and essays have become the best stories in the history of literature. Qin Jia's poem for a woman has continuity in time. The first one is about Qin Jia sending a car to meet her when she is going to Beijing. Xu Shu can't go back to see her because of illness, which makes Qin Jia sleep all night. In the second song, Qin Jia wanted to go to Xu Shu's place to recite the song, but he was unable to do so due to inconvenient transportation and other reasons. The third song is about leaving for Beijing with a gift to Xu Shu and sending money from afar. When Qin Jia expressed his difficult feelings of separation, he put the couple's love into each other's life experience to examine, pointing out the two pairs of contradictions: less and more, early and late: "life is like the morning dew, living in the world is more difficult. We often come early when we are worried about difficulties, and we often come late when we are happy. " "If you hurt me and me, I'll be alone. When you get great justice, you don't get enough happiness and pain. "
Qin Jia left his sick wife and went to the capital, which made them late and deprived of their happiness. The less happy they were, the more sad they were. Difficulties came early again, and the time for the party was postponed. The three poems all have descriptions of car driving to set off the poet's complex feelings. "Send a car to welcome the son, return empty to empty again and again" conveys disappointment; "good horse does not return to saddle, light car does not turn hub", shows the road is lost, hesitation; "Su Su Fu Zheng, Qiang Qiang Yang and bell", implies the bell to urge the departure, showing helpless feeling. Qin Jia's poem for women is a group of lyric poems with high artistic achievement, which is a mature work of five character Lyric Poems of literati in Han Dynasty.
love story
Qin Jia and his wife Xu Shu are a famous couple in the history of Chinese literature. The love story of Qin Jia and Xu Shu has become a good story in the history of literature because of their poems. During the reign of emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Qin Jia was a councilor and left his hometown Longxi for Luoyang. Xu Shu returned home when she was ill, but she did not get a face-to-face farewell. The couple sent letters back, and the poems and lyrics were reciprocated. The poems and songs were all sentimental and moving. It was a story that brought the couple's daily life feelings into the vision of literary works and made considerable achievements. Qin's three poems (five characters) for women were also one of the early successful five character poems. Zhong Rong, a poet of the Liang Dynasty, praised these poems and essays as "things can be hurt, while essays can be sad" (in the book of poetry). Among the five poems handed down to the present day (Volume 6 of Han poems of pre Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Nan and Northern Dynasties), Qin Jia's poems, as a mature work of five character lyric poetry, are regarded as the symbol of the prosperity of the creation of five character poetry in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are four books about husband and wife's return to the past (Volume 66 and 96 of the whole later Chinese), which narrate the affairs of daily life and express the feelings of separation of husband and wife in a leisurely and soothing way. For this reason, they have never been seen in the previous prose, and they are also valued by the researchers of literary history.
Qin Jia's and Xu Shu's poems about the couple's giving and answering were first found in Volume I of Yutai Xinyong compiled by Chen Xuling in the Southern Dynasty. The complete biographical version of the book can be found in the quotation of Volume 32 of Yiwenleiju compiled by Ouyang Xun in the early Tang Dynasty. The volume of Xixi Congyu, written by Yao Kuan of the Southern Song Dynasty, contains all the poems and essays, but it does not go beyond the scope of Yutai and leiju. Yu Shinan's Beitang shuchao, which was written in Sui Dynasty, and Taiping Yulan, which was written in Song Dynasty, have some sporadic quotations on the books returned by Qin Jia and Xu Shufu's wife. Several of them overflow out of Lei Ju. It can be seen that the quotations in Lei Ju are not complete, which is different from Ouyang Xun's Yi Wen Lei Ju Xu
Chinese PinYin : Qin Jia
Qin Jia
