Niu Qiao

Niu Qiao

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Niu Qiao, whose name is Songqing (died around 890 A.D. and was born in 848 A.D.), is a native of Longxi. The year of birth and death is unknown, about the time when Emperor Zhaozong lived in the early days of Dashun. Qianfu five years (AD 878) Jinshi and. Li official pick up, supplement shangshulang, later also known as "niugeishi". Wen Tingyun is famous for his ci. There are three volumes of the original Anthology of songs and poems, and thirty-three Poems (see Huajian anthology) and six poems.

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Niu Qiao (8487), whose name is Songqing and whose name is Yanfeng, was born in Didao (now Lintao, Gansu Province), whose ancestral home is anding quail Gu (now Lingtai, Gansu Province), and the grandson of Niu sengru, the Prime Minister of the middle Tang Dynasty. He was born in troubled times, only two years in the Jinshi, Huang Chao rebellion broke Chang'an. In the turbulent Fuzong Dynasty, Li Shi collected, buque, shangshulang. In the second year of Guangqi (A.D. 886), he avoided the rebellion of Li Jia, the king of Xiang. He first lived in Wuyue, then lived in Bashu, and lived like a floating life of Yanghua ferry and snowy wind. Niu Qiao, a famous official of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was worried about his country, but he had no ambition. After the second year of Dashun (891 A.D.), he was judged by Wang Jianpi, the governor of Xichuan. Before the founding of Shu, he was an official secretary and died in Chengdu. "Jun Zhai Du Shu Zhi" says that he is erudite and talented, and is famous for his poems. The original 30 volumes of Niu Qiao Ji have been lost. There are three existing poems, which can be seen in the whole Tang poetry and the whole Tang poetry. Thirty three Ci poems, see Hua Jian Ji.

Literary contribution

Niu Qiao was well-known for his erudition and ability in writing poems. At that time, he called himself Mu Li He and often imitated his poems. He is good at making Xiaoling, and his Ci is bright and beautiful, such as nvguanzi's "Jinjiang Yanshui", yingtianchang's "Yulou's spring view is clear and smoke is gone", and Bodhisattva's "Yuchai's wind is moving and spring flag is urgent". The content and style are similar to Wen Tingyun's. There are also a few works, such as "Zisai Yueming Qianli" in dingxifan and "Feiqi County East" in jiangchengzi. Niu Qiao was also the first poet to write poems about things. In his dream of Jiangnan, there are two poems named "holding mud swallow" and "red embroidered quilt", one chanting Yan and the other mandarin duck, which have a certain influence on the development of the later Ci Poetry of chanting things. There are 32 Ci poems in the collection of Huajian and Ci Poems of Tang and Five Dynasties. For his deeds, see the spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, Qianshu. The preface says, "if you admire Li Changji's poems, you can always follow them." It is handed down to the world today.

Niu Qiao wrote painstakingly since he was a child. He not only pursued the poets Chen Zi'ang and Du Fu in the early and prosperous Tang Dynasty, but also admired Li Changji's poems and songs, which he often followed (preface to the collection of Qiao cited in Volume 18 of Jun Zhai Du Shu Zhi). The reason why Chen tingzhuo and Wang Guowei regarded him as an important ci writer of Huajian School is that his Ci is rich in connotation and inner beauty, conveying women's physical and mental pain and expressing deep sympathy. Xixizi, who denounced Bo's Wangjiang resentment and the song girl's hidden hatred, are all famous works. Five of Liu Zhi's Ci poems are especially well-known at that time. One of them says: thawing wind comes to the end of the Qing Dynasty, thawing Luoxiu and worshiping Qingqing. For no reason Niaona Lin Guan Road, dance to send pedestrians through life! It vividly reveals the miserable life experience of the young dancers in feudal society, and embodies the important characteristics of Qiao Ci's chanting of things rather than staying in things, sincere and full of style. Most of the poems chant the sorrow of the conscription woman far away, the book supports Yan, the dream comes home, the river and the moon slant, full of sorrow. His ci also chants the frontier fortress: Zisai, the moon is bright, the golden armour is cold, the garrison building is cold, and the dream of Chang'an is long. Homesickness in the sky is broad, and stars are incomplete. Draw a few corners, whimper, the snow is long. It is one of the early frontier fortress poems in the history of Ci, which has a beautiful artistic conception. Lu You praised it as a relic of the Tang Dynasty. In terms of material selection, conception and diction, Niu Qiao's Ci is similar to Li He's Yuefu's chunhuaiyin, Su Xiaoxiao's tomb, and chagong's, etc. However, Niu Qiao's Ci is more like Wei Zhuang '. Niu Qiao's Ci is full of vigor, emotion and bright color. He also became a typical poet of Huajian School, who was rooted in coquettishness and who was influenced by Wen Wei (Volume 5 of Chen tingzhuo's Bai Yu Zhai CI Hua).

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historical background

Niu Qiao's poem "Bodhisattva man" has always been regarded as an obscene poem, which should be started from the author's historical background at that time. In April 907, Emperor Zhu Wen of the Tang Dynasty established Houliang. The Empire of the Tang Dynasty collapsed abruptly, and China entered the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, which was divided and divided, with frequent regime changes. In September of the same year, Wang Jian ascended the throne in Chengdu, known as Dashu, the former Shu. Although the military strength of Xishu is weak, its economy and culture is one of the most developed areas in China. Compared with the Central Plains, it is an oasis in the desert. There are few wars in the desert. The city economy is prosperous, and the wind of literati playing is prosperous. It is more popular to rely on the voice to write CI. It became one of the bases for Ci writers at that time. Due to various reasons, the whole pre Shu CI world presents a vulgar and gaudy style.

Appreciation of representative works

Niu Qiao's "Bodhisattva man ice mat in Yulou" is one of his masterpieces: "the ice mat in Yulou is made of Yuanyang brocade. The powder melts and the sweat flows to the mountain pillow. The sound of the windlass outside the curtain made me smile. Liu Yin smoke desert, low temples cicada hairpin fall. I have to work hard all my life to make you happy today. " (Hua Jian Ji)

It's obviously about a woman having a party with her lover. She may be allowed to be a man she doesn't like, or she may be a woman. Her heart is full of fear at this party, so she should be frightened to hear the sound of the pulley outside the curtain. This party may be their last, and from then on, they may be separated from each other, or they may be strangers. However, they can't forget each other: "we have to work hard all our life to make you happy today." No matter how hard the days ahead are, there will always be a time when they are worth cherishing forever. This is a kind of passionate love that completely ignores the secular world. This kind of love is even more thrilling than Shangxie, because it needs to meet more obstacles, as well as all the pain and discrimination it may encounter in the rest of its life.

The romantic childe's pursuit of beauty, the intimate words by the lover's pillow, and the madness and joy of their friendship make these romantic and romantic characters an undisputed love story. In the pursuit of this blazing and undisguised worldly lust, the literati directly extended their pen to the privacy of the bed, and the style was not elegant, which was criticized by the critics of the past dynasties. For example, Yin e's "Baozhang maniac refused to sleep" was rated as "a mere intimacy". Of course, some of these Ci poems are praised for their directness. For example, when talking about Niu Qiao's PU Sa Man Yu Lou Bing Dian in CI yuan congtan by Xu GUI in the Qing Dynasty, he said: "it's better to be implicit in small Ci poems, but it's also better to be decisive. Ruwei Village: "whose youth..." Niu Qiao said, "I have to work hard all my life to make you happy today." But generally speaking, these poems which focus on depicting the love affairs between men and women are limited in theme and low in style, showing the "vulgar" side of the former Shu CI. In that turbulent and dark era, the literati and doctors lost their enthusiasm and concern for politics, and their spiritual emptiness and trauma could only be temporarily alleviated by having fun in time, being cynical, and being drunk among flowers. This is more profound and valuable than just seeking pleasure and satisfying desire.

aesthetic value

Generally speaking, in terms of content, subject matter and aesthetic taste, the former Shu literati's Ci is basically the same, namely "gaudy" and "vulgar". According to Kang Zhengguo, an overseas scholar, in his book Fengsao and Yanqing, "Yan" was originally the name of a song in the state of Chu. "At first, it did not specifically refer to the nature and content of the lyrics." later, from the perspective of political education, "all obscene music and poems can be generally called yanqu or Yange." "Yan" has gradually become a derogatory criticism. We don't specially emphasize the derogatory meaning of the word "Yan" here, but we objectively think that the former Shu CI mainly focused on the love between women, literati and Geisha, and advocated the beautiful words, which can be called "Yan Ci". While "vulgar" mainly refers to the secular enjoyment life that the former Shu CI talked about with relish, and at the same time, there is a kind of vulgar thought of enjoying the time. Respecting the front, listening to songs and enjoying the beauty with flowers are not the pursuit of artistic aesthetic value, but a kind of sensory stimulation.

a seamless heavenly robe

It is said that once upon a time there was a man named Guo Han who suffered from the heat one night in summer. Sleeping in the courtyard. He looked up at the sky and saw a bright moon hanging among the floating clouds. All of a sudden, a floating cloud turned into a fairy, falling from the air. Guo Han thought it was in a dream, but in an instant, the fairy appeared in front of him, clearly in reality. So he got up in a hurry and said to the fairy, "where did the fairy come from?" the fairy also gave a gift. I am the weaver girl in the sky Guo Han looked carefully at the Weaver's dress. He didn't know what material it was made of. To his surprise, the dress she was wearing had no seams. He couldn't help but wonder and asked. Why don't you wear any sewing? "The weaver girl replied with a smile," I'm wearing a heavenly garment. The heavenly garment is not sewn with needle and thread, so there is no sewing. "

On historical review

Niu Qiao was a little inferior to Niu sengru, but he was no worse. From the end of Tang Dynasty to the beginning of houshu, he successively served as Zuo Shiyi, shangshulang, the judge of Xichuan festival in Jiannan, and geishi Zhong. Niu Qiao

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