Xiong Ziliu

Xiong Ziliu

Xiong Zilu (1635-1709) was a famous official of Neo Confucianism in the early Qing Dynasty. Jingxiu, Qingyue, sujiu, yuzhai, Huguang Hanyang mansion, is a filial and touching person. He was born in Nanchang.

Xiong Zilu was born on the 5th of November in the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635) of the Ming Dynasty. His father died and he was just eight years old. His mother, Li Rubai, was well versed in the classics and history, so that his orphans could be saved.

In 1658, Jinshi was elected as a good scholar. He was appointed to the Imperial College as a minister. He was famous for his outspoken remarks. In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), he served as a Bachelor of the secret academy, and then wrote a letter on politics, which was taboo by the powerful minister aobai twice. Later, he was promoted to a Bachelor of the National Academy of history, and changed to a Bachelor of the Imperial Academy and a lecturer of Jingyan. In the 14th year of Kangxi (1675), Emperor shengzujia of the Qing Dynasty claimed his talent and was promoted to a cabinet bachelor, who was granted the Bachelor of wuyingdian and the Minister of the Ministry of punishment. In the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), he was removed from office and sojourned in Jiangning because of a mistake in the draft (after the cabinet received the memorials, he wrote down the draft with a small note and then approved by the emperor in Zhu BI). In 1688, he returned to be the Minister of rites. He was ordered to go to Jiangnan to interrogate the suspect and then transferred to the Ministry of officials. During his term of office, he exempted more than 3700 taxes from Gaoyou, Shanyin and other 30 counties. Kangxi 38 years (1699) as the East Court bachelor and Minister of the Ministry of officials.

Xiong Zilu was once an examiners for four years. He was also the chief executive officer who wrote shengxun, pingdingshuo desert strategy, Shilu, strategy and Ming history. In 1703, he resigned from the government and left the capital as a consultant. He died in 1709. As a gift to Wen Duan, the prince Shaobao. His works include 18 volumes of jingyizhai collection, 3 volumes of xiandaolu, 56 volumes of Xuetong, 16 volumes of bathxiutang collection, etc. (overview chart source)

Life of the characters

Family background

Xiong Zilu was born on the fifth day of November in the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635) of the Ming Dynasty. He was Xiong's family in Xiaogan. Xiong Ziliu's father, Xiong Zuoyan, was a student of Ming Dynasty, and later taught in Lianqi Academy. Xiong Ziliu's mother, Li Rubai, is well-known for her filial piety.

After the peasant uprising broke out in the late Ming Dynasty, Xiong Zuoyan organized regiments to defend the village. When Xiong zilv was eight years old, his father died in the hands of bandits. Xiong zilv was held by his mother and hidden in the thorns. Later, her mother made a living by weaving and raised Xiong Zilu.

Early experience

In the 15th year of Shunzhi (1658), Xiong Zilu was awarded the title of Imperial Academy scholar. In the 16th year of Shunzhi (1659), he was awarded the Imperial Academy for examination. In the fourth year of Kangxi (1665), he entered the Hongwen Academy of neihanlin to serve as an official.

In the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), Xiong Zilu completed his first important book of Neo Confucianism, xiandaolu. In the same year, Xiong ziliujin presented wanyanshu, which had an important influence in the political history of the early Qing Dynasty. This book made a sharp criticism on the current politics of the Qing Dynasty, especially the policies carried out by the four auxiliary ministers, and asked the young emperor to strengthen the cultivation of Confucianism and take Cheng and Zhu Neo Confucianism as the basis of the Qing government's political education. This memorial made Emperor Kangxi look at Xiong Zilu with new eyes. In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), Xiong Zilu was awarded a bachelor degree in secretary college.

rapidly go up in the world

In 1669, Emperor Kangxi cleared the aobai clique. After that, Xiong's political status rose rapidly. In 1670, he was promoted to a Bachelor of national history. Soon after, the cabinet system was restored, and another Imperial Academy was set up. Xiong Zilu was the master of the Academy. In 1673, the Qing government decided to withdraw its vassal, but Xiong Zilu didn't think so. He warned Emperor Kangxi that withdrawing his vassal would cause rebellion.

After the outbreak of the "San Francisco rebellion", Xiong Zilu actively assisted the Qing government to put down the rebellion, and he once drafted the imperial edict of Xuanyu, Yungui and other officials and people. The imperial edict announced the removal of Wu Sangui's title, requiring the residents of Yunnan and Guizhou to "do not associate with each other according to their occupation" and "they can capture Wu Sangui's head and offer military service to the former, that is to say, they should take the title of Wu Sangui. There are those who can punish and bind the leader of the lower canal, and who can serve their own life with their troops and horses, and the city. On the merits, they will be recorded by you. I will not go back on my word. " After the promulgation of the imperial edict, it had an important impact on isolating Wu Sangui's rebel forces and winning the hearts of the people.

In 1675, Emperor Kangxi promoted Xiong zilv to be a Bachelor of wuyingdian because he was "always talented and had a clear and prudent official position".

To withdraw from office

The case of chewing and signing, which broke out in July of the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), is a major event related to Xiong Ziliu's political fate, and also an important event affecting the evaluation of his character and learning by contemporary and later generations. According to the records of emperor Shengzu of the Qing Dynasty, "Xiong Zilu, a scholar of Shushen University, such as Batai, a scholar of Yifu University of the Ministry of official affairs, reported that ha zhanti, governor of Shaanxi Province, was a robber, Kaifu, Fufang, and other officials, and mistakenly voted" SANFA Si's examination and discussion ". I'm here to inquire. Xiong Zilu wanted to cover up his fault and chewed up the initials privately. He wrote another initials on the ticket of Du Lide, a bachelor. He pulled the edge of the paper, rewritten the small words, and blamed Du Lide for his dereliction of duty. Xiong CI should be dismissed. He got the imperial edict: Xiong Ci was dismissed. "

Concentrate on learning

Xiong's dismissal came at a time when the rebellion in San Francisco was not yet over. So Xiong moved to Lianhua bridge in the north of Jiangning City, and then to qingliangtai in the west of the river. Over the next ten years, Xiong did not leave qingliangtai. When he lived in Jiangning, because he used to be an honest official and had no savings in his family, Xiong lived a very difficult life. In his hard life, Xiong Zilu still devoted himself to the study of Neo Confucianism. His works such as Xuetong, xiaxuetang's notes and puyuanyou's language were all completed in Jiangning.

Return to illness

In 1688, the Qing government appointed Xiong zilv as the Minister of rites. Soon after his mother died, he returned to Jiangning to watch the funeral. In the 29th year of Kangxi (1690), he was granted the post of minister of rites. In the 30th year of Kangxi (1691), he entered the capital. In the 31st year of Kangxi (1692), he was transferred to minister of the Ministry of officials. In the 38th year of Kangxi (1699), he was the grand Bachelor of guanjudongge, and he was the chief executive officer of the strategy of pacifying Shuo desert and the history of Ming Dynasty. In April 1703, Xiong Zilu, who had just turned 68, asked to retire on the ground that he was very young. Emperor Kangxi ordered him to leave his post as a former official and still enjoy the salary to stay in the capital for consultation.

In 1706, Xiong Ziliu returned to Jiangning. Kangxi 48 years (1709) died in August, posthumous "Wenduan.".

Main achievements

Political views

In his life, Xiong Zilu was the most active in politics and had the most profound influence on the history of Qing Dynasty in the early years of Kangxi. In the fierce cultural conflict between Manchu and Han in the early years of Kangxi, Xiong Zilu, who was not prominent, stood in the forefront of the struggle. From the standpoint of Neo Confucianism, Xiong CILU sharply criticized the political situation of the Qing Dynasty dominated by the four assistant ministers. It is clearly put forward that the country should be governed by Confucianism. Xiong Zilu said: "the fundamental gist of governing the country lies in the emperor's idea of governing the country. The idea of governing the country is the key for politicians to deal with all kinds of important affairs, and it is the beginning of everything. Therefore, the public servants of the government must have a correct mind, and they must not enter the government if they have a wrong mind."

In the years after Emperor Kangxi cleared the aobai group, Xiong Zilu gradually became an important political figure in the Qing Dynasty. By giving lectures in the Palace (see below), he urged the supreme ruler to systematically study the Confucian ideology and culture to solve the problem of the political development direction of the Qing Dynasty.

In the lecture Palace

Because Emperor Kangxi was young and had strong plasticity, Xiong Zilu tried his best to advocate the restoration of "jingyanriyue", trying to provide an institutionalized channel for Neo Confucianism bureaucrats to influence the emperor with Confucianism. A group of bureaucrats who believed in Confucianism got a relatively fixed legal opportunity to contact and communicate with the emperor.

In the following years, Xiong Zilu tried to instill Confucianism and ruling strategy into the young emperor. Its core content is to influence the Emperor Kangxi with the way of internal saints and external kings, and to clarify the guiding ideology of the Qing Dynasty's personnel administration from the perspective of establishing the basic values of the supreme ruler.

In his lecture hall, Xiong Zilu paid special attention to the political reality of the Qing Dynasty, and encouraged the emperor to be practical and practice Confucianism.

The idea of governing the country

In addition to his basic ideas, Xiong also instilled a lot of Confucian governing skills into Emperor Kangxi, which laid a solid foundation for the formation of Emperor Kangxi's ruling thoughts. It mainly includes:

First, treatment is based on serving the people.

Second, the people are the foundation of our country, and we need to recuperate. To convince people, the most important thing is to improve people's life and make them live and work in peace and contentment.

Third, be clear-minded and have few desires.

Fourth, we should be cautious in the use of personnel and be good at asking and observing.

Fifth, for the sake of government affairs, there is no empty talk. Xiong's pragmatic political style was highly recognized by Emperor Kangxi. In practice, it helped the Qing government to focus on solving the livelihood problems of the people and create a good production and living environment for the people.

Neo Confucianism

As for Neo Confucianism, Xiong Zilu has three remarkable characteristics: first, he attaches great importance to respecting; second, he advocates practicing; third, he "respects the right and Dethrones the evil" to defend the exclusive position of Neo Confucianism.

While commending Cheng Zhu's orthodoxy, Xiong CILU listed Xunzi, Yangzi, Lu Jiuyuan, Chen Baisha, Wang Yangming and others as heterodox, and Lao Zhuang, Mozi, Gaozi, and Shi as heterodox. He did his best to repel attacks.

Character evaluation

Zhao Erxun: do you think it's a good way to serve the emperor?

Zhang Taiyan said: "since Tang bin, er Wei, Xiong Zilu, Zhang boxing Sincerity means that those who flatter the Hu people and become officials are not as good as those who study Neo Confucianism. " (Zhang Taiyan's academic order of Autobiography)

Historical records

Forty nine biographies in volume 262 of the draft of Qing History

"Huguang Tongzhi" records: "Xiong Zuoyan's wife, Li, is filial and touching. Shaoxian's history of calligraphy means that he knows how to regulate his body with propriety.

Chinese PinYin : Xiong Ci Lv