Pan Deyu

Pan Deyu

Pan Deyu (August 2, 1785 - September 4, 1839) was a poet and literary critic in the middle of Qing Dynasty. Yanfu, Sansi, sinang, Genting Jushi, Sanlu Jushi, nianchongxue, nianshi, Shanyang (now Huai'an), Jiangsu. Filial piety, repeatedly trapped state. Daoguang eight years (1828), more than 40 years, began to hold the first township list. Anhui Province was divided by the county magistrate, but not the official. The poems are profound, which is a masterpiece between Jia and Dao. There is a collection of yangyizhai. Disciple Yilu is the most famous.

Life of the characters

He was born in cheqiao Town, Shanyang County (now Huai'an City), Huai'an Prefecture, Jiangnan Province, on June 28, 1785 (August 2, 1785). His ancestors lived in the county city, and he was a bridge man since his husband. Pan Long, the ninth patriarch of the Ming Dynasty, was a Jinshi of Zhengde. He was a governor of Henan Province. Pan's family was still a scholarly family despite the social changes and turmoil during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Zuzhao school, father Zongrui, all for Xiang life, life teaching and reading, a poor life. Zong Rui had high attainments in Confucian classics and poetics. "Jingyi CI Zhang is famous for a time, and you Wei is an expert." (xinjinlu by Cao cha) is the author of the collection of poems and essays on LiXiao. “…… It's also a poem with mellow air and quiet color, good taste and ancient quality. " (preface to the collection of poems by Huang Juezi) Lu's mother also knew books and verses.

Pan Deyu was "young and intelligent, and he recited like an adult". He entered a family school at the age of six. He was born in Yixiang at the age of eight. Zhang Lidong (named today Peng) was employed. He was able to write poems at the age of nine. His two poems, old tree and pear flower, were appreciated by his parents. When he was 11 years old, his mother Lu died. He thought about it day and night, "crying incessantly." his stepfather was also suffering from hemoptysis, lying on the bed, taking medicine, eating and drinking, all of which were managed by him.

Jiaqing five years (1800), pan Deyu 16 years, into the county school, scholar. Qian Yue, the scholar, was "the first in ancient learning", and Gong Maobi, the magistrate, called him "a domestic genius". It is autumn, should be "Wushen Township Wei, housing recommended not for sale.". Eleven years (1806), the first year of science test, for health, "rice food.". After that, he was "repeatedly trapped in Zhou Ju". In addition to taking the exam in Jinling (now Nanjing) in his first year, he taught in the countryside and wrote books. He has been in shajiazhuang, Ma Shi, Ding Shi and Wang Shi, Yan Shi and Liang Shi in Hexia, Bao Shi and Shao Shi in cheqiao, and many scholars. Later, Ding Yan and Lu Tongshi, who became famous scholars, ancient writers, Confucian classics scholars and poets, were teachers of pan, while Kong Jizhen and Wu kuntian came out. "At the beginning of Yizheng, Ruan Yuan was the governor of water transport, but Mr. Zhao was unable to leave.". Later officials such as Zhu Guizhen and Zhou Tianjue are willing to accept diplomatic relations. Pan Yixie is missing.

In the third year of Daoguang (1823), pan Deyu built three study rooms outside the Shao's house in cheqiao, which was named "yangyizhai". The book couplet says: "teaching brotherhood advocates honesty and disgrace, and writing articles with profound knowledge and skills" to encourage himself, to express his interest of living in the world, being indifferent and peaceful, and his perseverance of learning. Since then, Mr. Yangyi has become famous all over the world.

In the eighth year of Daoguang (1828), "Zhongchang (Yangshan) and huangjuezi (shuzhai) were in charge of Jiangnan test", pan Deyu took the test again and announced that he was Jieyuan (the first Juren), "scholars talk about Xiran, that is to say, a well-known scholar". Friends Qiu Guangye he Shiyun: "the sky is bright, Geng Bixing, cold window hard for 30 years, the article is valuable, the wind will be closed, the village from now on know the typical." Pan was now forty-four years old.

Since the spring of the second year, pan Deyu took part in the joint examination six times and failed to get the Jinshi. In the spring of the tenth year of Daoguang (1830), he went to the Beijing Museum to teach his sons Zongyi and zongyou for nearly two years. When he left the hall, Zhong again insisted on staying, and pan insisted on returning home. During her stay in Beijing, she met literary celebrities such as Zhang Jiliang (Hengfu) and Yao Ying. Zhang Jiliang was a good friend of the famous "crazy man" and Lin Zexu. Yao Ying's articles were patriotic. These intellectuals with reform ideas gathered together in the rural examination and the general examination to "discuss and pursue for the truth of the article, and also aim at the win and decline of Qi and fortune, and one of the common people returned.".

Pan Deyu "whenever he is drunk and hot in the ear, he talks generously about the major events in the world, and he is always in tears." He has always advocated "self-restraint in learning" and "practical application". At that time, when the official administration was corrupt and the scholar's style was degenerate, he proposed that the purpose of scholars' composition should be to "save the world", thinking that "the most serious disease in the world is nothing more than the word" official ", especially the word" example ", but the word" profit " That is to say, the harm of the world lies in the officials. At that time, there were many officials, and petty officials did harm to the common people, especially in the officials who adhered to the established rules and did not want to reform and forge ahead. The essence of this was that the officials pursued money, embezzled money and perverted the law. This statement can be said to hit the nail on the head, reflecting his political ambition of striving for governance.

In the 15th year of Daoguang (1835), nearly eight years after pan Deyu's mid-term examination, he "picked a big class" in Beijing and distributed it to Anhui alternate county magistrate. Although he thought that "being a county magistrate can save the world, it is necessary to do it." However, it is not easy to change "alternate" into "actual teaching". At last, he failed to take up his post. Soon, he went to Funing as a lecturer in Guanhai academy, and continued his teaching and reading career in Yizheng and Yangzhou Yaoying family school.

On July 27, 1839 (September 4, 1839), pan Deyu died at the age of 55. Twenty years later, Huai'an academic circles held a grand ceremony to welcome Pan's "God's throne" into the ancestral hall of the local scholars.

Literary achievements

Pan Deyu has been a teacher for nearly 40 years. Besides teaching, he devoted himself to mechanics and wrote works. A large number of unpublished manuscripts have been lost and hard to find. There are still a few treasures in the hands of Huai people. There are 16 volumes of yangyizhai collection, including ten volumes of poems, fourteen volumes of essays, one volume of nianshizi, one volume of funeral zhengvulgar essays, thirteen volumes of Shihua, three volumes of CI anthology and nine volumes of notes. There is also a volume of "the long words of hsi'er" and a volume of "golden pot wave ink".

Pan Deyu was poor all his life and could not print his own works. The earliest one in the collection was yangyizhai Shihua (Shihua), which was published by his friend Xu Baoshan in 1836. The rest of his works were published by friends and students after his death. This paper makes a brief comment on Pan Deyu's poetry theory in Shihua.

Shi Hua consists of ten volumes, with three volumes of Li Du Shi Hua attached. Before it, there is a preface written by Zhong Yangshan and Xu Baoshan.

The book of songs elucidates the origin of the development of poetry from the book of songs to the Qing Dynasty, and comments on the artistic achievements, poetic ideas and the gains and losses of various poets.

The basic idea of Shihua is to inherit the traditional "gentle and honest" principle of poetry education, emphasize the educational role of literary works, require the content of poetry to be "pure" and "innocent", criticize the view of pure "temperament", and oppose the poet's use of poetry creation as a tool to express his personal temperament, "at the highest, it can only become a tool to mock the wind and snow and make fun of flowers and plants". In art, it advocates the real beauty and natural beauty embodied by the substantial content, advocates "poetry is valued for quality and solid" and "profoundness", and opposes deliberate carving for work. As for the "poetic education", it does not advocate the naked preaching, but advocates that "reason does not need to be included in poetry, and poetic context can not be out of reason". It attaches importance to the "spiritual conception" of poetry, that is, the "Enlightenment" of poetry, which needs to be carried out in a subtle way. Pan Deyu's poetry theory represents the ideas and aspirations of the progressive intellectuals for poetry creation at that time.

After the compilation of Shihua, pan hand in hand contributed to Kyoto, which was widely spread among friends and caused a strong shock in the poetry world. Xu Baoshan said: "it's not Panzi's words, it's the public's words in the world. The public opinion of the world, must be public in the world, so published and distributed It's a poem with a good heart and a prosperous poetry education, a prosperous poetry education and a prosperous world. It's a strange, eccentric and obscene poem, but the people's heart and world's fortune are poor. Today's Panzi's book must be gentle and generous, and the purpose of arousing, observing and resenting the masses. It's the origin of ancient and modern games, and everyone's heart is forced to speak. It's really a book written by Panzi. " (preface to Shi Hua) it can be seen that Shi Hua is Pan Deyu's masterpiece which tries to change the style of poetry, and then "straighten people's hearts", change the social atmosphere, and make poetry serve politics and religion.

Secondly, Shi Hua emphasizes the role of the poet's temperament, knowledge and self-cultivation in poetry, and points out that the time to learn poetry is not in poetry but outside poetry. He thinks that Lu You's saying: "if you want to learn poetry, you should do more than poetry." it's "to speak, you can sweep away all the poetry.". It emphasizes the combination of the poet's temperament and learning, and the two "must be in harmony".

In the year of Qianlong, Yuan Mei advocated the theory of "nature and spirit" in poetry, and opened his eyes for the "palace style of erotic poetry". Pan Deyu made a sharp criticism of Yuan's Poetry Theory: "the so-called person with temperament takes a word from 300 poems, and it's just" gentle and straight "every day.". "Straight" is not afraid of strong imperial, "soft Hui" is to show sympathy for the poor, "poor years worry about Li Yuan, in order to relieve the heat of the intestines.". Poetry should be expressed in the feelings of the country and the people, which had obvious progressive significance at that time.

There are many original and incisive views in the analysis of the artistic achievements and shortcomings of the poets in the past dynasties. Pan Deyu studied the poems of Han Wei and Du Fu when he was young. When he was nearly 20 years old, he fell in love with Wang Shizhen's works. Later, he transferred to Han Yu and Su Shi and joined Wen Tingyun, Li Bai and Li He. He attached great importance to momentum and advocated Ci poetry. When he became an adult, he turned to Tao Yuanming. When he was 40 years old, he took Du Fu as his father again.

He has studied poetry for decades, and has laid a solid literary foundation, which makes his eyes particularly keen and enables him to find problems that others do not notice. For example, Wang Changling's famous frontier poem "marching in the army" says: "the desert is dusty, the sun is yellow, the red flag half covers the gate, and the former army has captured Tuguhun alive in the night battle in Taobei." At the same time, it reflects the fact that "death is the death of a conscription, and merit is the merit of a general". Pan's analysis of the wording of the poem, such as "the sun is yellow", "half cover", "night battle", "capture alive" and so on, shows that the poem "satirizes the master and the general"

Chinese PinYin : Pan De Yu