Emperor Xuanye of the Qing Dynasty

Emperor Xuanye of the Qing Dynasty

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Xuanye, the sage of Qing Dynasty, was the second emperor after Qing Dynasty entered the pass. The surname is Aixinjueluo. Emperor Shunzhi was the third son of Fulin. His mother, Tong Jia, was the daughter of Tong tulai, the commander of the Han army. He was born in Jingren Palace on March 18, 1654. In eighteen years, Fulin passed away and inherited the throne as an eight year old child. The next year was changed to the first year of Kangxi (1662). In February of the second year, her biological mother died and was raised by her grandmother boljit (empress Xiaozhuang Wen). He studied hard since he was young. He was eager to learn. He was strong and skillful in riding and shooting. At the age of 14, he was in power for 61 years. He worked hard in governing the country all his life. He was a successful emperor in the Qing Dynasty and an outstanding feudal monarch in Chinese history.

Life of the characters

When Fu Lin was dying, he appointed four ministers of internal affairs, including Sonny, suksaha, ebilong and aobai, to act as assistant ministers of state affairs. During the period of assistant administration, the struggle to unify the whole country continued, and troops were sent to pursue Yongli emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty, who was killed in Kunming in April of the first year of Kangxi. In the third year, the PLA sent soldiers from Sichuan, Shaanxi and Huguang provinces to besiege the rest of the Dashun army in Western Hubei who insisted on resisting the Qing Dynasty. Liu tichun, Hao Yaoqi and Li laiheng were killed, and Zhang Huangyan, who insisted on resisting the Qing Dynasty on the sea in Zhejiang, was killed. The anti Qing struggle on the mainland was basically over, and the Qing Dynasty gradually formed its rule over the whole country from military, political and economic aspects. During this period, among the four assistant ministers, the situation of aobai being domineering, bullying the young master, forming a party and being good at power gradually formed. In six years, Xuanye "devoted himself to the great politics". In May of eight years, he cleared aobai and his colleagues and began to take real power.

Complete national unification

After Xuanye came into power, he successively pacified the "San Francisco" and unified Taiwan, smashed the separatist conspiracy of the upper class elements in the Junggar region of Northwest irut Mongolia, and basically realized the reunification of the country.

"San fan" were all Ming generals who descended the Qing Dynasty. Wu Sangui was the king of Pingxi and stayed in Yunnan; he was the king of Pingnan and stayed in Guangdong; after Geng Zhongming and his son died, his grandson Geng Jingzhong attacked the king of Jingnan and stayed in Fujian. Each of them had heavy troops and powerful forces, which seriously threatened the rule of the Qing Dynasty. In the 12th year of Kangxi reign, with the support of the Secretary of the Ministry of household, Mr. Mishan, and the Secretary of the Ministry of arms, Mr. Mingzhu, Xuanye decisively ordered the withdrawal of the vassal state, and ordered the "San Francisco" to return their troops to Liaodong. In November, Wu Sangui raised his army to fight back. His main force came out of Guizhou, plundered Hunan, and divided his forces to attack Sichuan and Jiangxi. Soon after, Shang Zhixin, Geng Jingzhong, and Guangxi General sun Yanling responded. Xuanye is determined to leave the army and carry out the expedition. In the eight years' war against chaos, young Xuanye showed outstanding political and military talents. He used political polarization and military pressure to force Shang and Geng to break away from Wu Sangui, and recruited Wang Fu Chen, who was a rebel in Shaanxi. At the same time, he quickly calmed down the rebellion of buerni, the right-wing Prince of Chahar in Inner Mongolia, and Yang Qilong's anti Qing rebellion in Beijing, so as to stabilize the rear area, so that the Qing army could concentrate its strength to hold a stalemate with Wu Sangui in Hunan, and the "San fan" rebellion was calmed down in 20 years.

Later, Xuanye fought for the reunification of Taiwan. Shi Lang, the former commander of Zheng Zhilong, was appointed as the commander of Fujian Navy, preparing to march into Taiwan. In June of the 22nd, Shi Lang led more than 20000 Navy men and more than 200 warships to capture Penghu at one stroke. Taiwan lost its barrier and Zheng's military strength suffered heavy losses. Zheng Kelong (the grandson of Cheng Gong and the son of Zheng Jing) and Liu GuoXuan surrendered to the Qing army. Xuanye supports Shi Lang's proposal to set up a garrison in Taiwan. It denies the fallacy of abandoning but not guarding by the officials and bureaucrats. It establishes one government and three counties (Taiwan government and Taiwan, Fengshan and Zhuluo counties) in Taiwan, which are subordinate to Fujian Province, and sets up the general, deputy general and troops stationed in Taiwan and Pengzhou, so as to reunify Taiwan under the jurisdiction of the central government.

Xuanye also concentrated his strength to fight against Gerdan, the leader of the Mongolian Junggar tribe in the northwest. In the 27th year of the reign of Kangxi, gardan led 30000 troops to mount aihang to attack the Mongolian tuxietu Khan tribe of kalka, which was defeated. In the name of pursuing, gardan arrived at Ulan Butong, 700 li away from Beijing. Xuanye decided to fight against Gerdan in order to "eliminate evil". In the 29th, 35th and 36th years, three personal expeditions were carried out, and in the 36th year, Gerdan was defeated and died. The invasion of Junggar to kharka Mongolia was smashed, and the kharka tribes were able to return to their original places. In order to strengthen the management of external Mongolia, Xuanye followed the league flag system since emperor Taiji of Taizong, and took such measures as marriage, nobility, Nian ban and Wei ban to close the relationship with the Mongolian lords and nobles, especially respecting the Lamaism of Mongolian faith, so as to win over monks, laymen and herdsmen. In the thirtieth year of Kangxi, Xuanye led the eight banners to duolunnuoer grassland to hold duolunhuimeng with the Mongolian tribes of kalka. He extended the strict management system of Inner Mongolia to the various ministries of kalka, which played a positive role in strengthening the northern border defense and developing and consolidating a unified multi-ethnic country. Xuanye also paid great attention to the problems of Tibet and Qinghai. He was well aware of the importance of Tibet as the leader of the Yellow Sect (see Gelu sect), which is respected by all Mongolian tribes. Junggar, Heshuote and other ministries intervened in Tibet and kept alert of its political turmoil. In 1952, he canonized Hutuktu as Erdeni. In the 57th year, Yin Seng, the 14th son of the emperor, was the general of Fuyuan. He went to Tibet to defeat cewang alabutan, the leader of the Junggar tribe who invaded Tibet, and made Tibet temporarily stable.

In the early Qing Dynasty, because of the long-term war, social production was in decline. During the Shunzhi period, reclamation was rewarded, but little effect was achieved. Xuanye paid great attention to the recovery and development of production, and recuperated with the people. He ordered to stop the illegal policy of enclosure in the early Qing Dynasty. In order to attract land reclamation, the law of land reclamation in Shunzhi period was revised, from the original maximum of six years to ten years. It also stipulated that local officials should be able to attract those who reclaim wasteland, otherwise they would be dismissed. By "changing the name of farmland", the land of the Ming vassal king was given to the people who originally cultivated the land, and the land was changed into households and inherited as the world's property, so that the farmers who cultivated the vassal land became self-employed farmers. To encourage agricultural production, we should implement the policy of exemption and exemption. Generally speaking, the types of tax exemption are as follows: Tax Exemption for wasteland, tax exemption for famine relief, general tax exemption for money and grain, etc. During the reign of Xuanye, there were many times of tax exemption. From the 24th to the 26th year of Kangxi, he granted tax exemption to Henan, Zhili, Hubei and other nine provinces for one week; in the 50th year, he granted tax exemption to all provinces for three years. This was rare in previous dynasties. In February of 1951, it was announced that "there will be no increase in taxes for the number of people", which fixed the tax on the number of people throughout the country and reduced the burden on farmers. After decades of hard work, the area of cultivated land in the whole country has increased from 550 million mu in the last years of Shunzhi to more than 800 million mu in the last years of Kangxi. With the development of production, class contradictions have been eased, and the population has grown rapidly. The so-called "prosperous age of Kangxi and Qianlong" has emerged.

In history, the Yellow River was often inundated. From the first year of Kangxi to the 16th year of Kangxi, the Yellow River burst 67 times, and the vast areas of Henan and Northern Jiangsu suffered from floods. Xuanye attached great importance to the management of the Yellow River and listed "San Francisco", river affairs and water transport as three major tasks. From the year of 23 to 46, he visited the river works for six times and discussed the river regulation plan with the river officials. He appointed Jin Fu as governor of the river, and Chen Huang, an expert in water conservancy technology, to help manage the river. These two people worked hard and achieved great success in river management for more than ten years. Xuanye himself studied the river management for ten years. "All the books about river affairs of the previous generation are read." sometimes he carried out experiments himself. He inspected the Yongding River which often overflowed many times and gained experience by harnessing it.

In order to attract the Han officials, literati and intellectuals, Xuanye took different measures to the Han officials, famous scholars and ordinary scholars respectively, and brought up the talents needed by the feudal rule. In the early Qing Dynasty, Manchu and Han officials had the same duties but different grades. This kind of ethnic discrimination made many Han officials resentful and unable to serve the Qing government wholeheartedly. In order to appease the Han officials, Xuanye repeatedly claimed that "the Manchu and the Han are all my ministers" and "the Manchu and the Han are one", and ordered that "the Manchu and the Han officials have the same duties and different grades, so they should draw a picture.". In the 16th year, the South study was set up, and the officials of Zhan Shifu and Guozijian of Hanlin Academy were assigned to work in turn to win over the Han officials. In the 17th year, he was ordered to set up a "erudite Confucianism branch" to collect famous scholars and enter the Museum of history to compile the history of the Ming Dynasty. He also absorbed a large number of scholars to compile all kinds of books. The famous one is the integration of ancient and modern books, which is divided into more than 6100 volumes, becoming the largest book in China. Xuanye strongly advocated Cheng Zhu's Neo Confucianism and especially respected Zhu Xi. With his reward and promotion, a large number of "Neo Confucianism famous officials" who believed in Cheng Zhu, such as Li Guangdi, Wei Yijie, Xiong Zilu, Tang bin, Zhang boxing, etc., were highly valued. These measures played a role in winning the hearts of Han officials and Han Scholars, and expanded the ruling foundation of Manchu and Han landlord class. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, some adherents of the Ming Dynasty who lived in the mountains and didn't cooperate with the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, their children or students all became officials or participated in the compilation of all kinds of books. The barriers of Manchu, Han and other nationalities tend to disintegrate until they integrate with each other. Celebration of the 60th birthday of Kangxi

The severe literary inquisition in Qing Dynasty also started from Kangxi Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, there were more than ten literary inquisitions, including the case of Ming history by zhuangting and the case of Nanshan collection by Dai Mingshi. The literary inquisition is a means to control the culture and thought closely. These two cases are caused by the national consciousness of the Ming Dynasty in the works. In the Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties after the reign of Kangxi, the number of literary inquisitions, the number of literary inquisitions, and the severity of punishment were more than those of the previous dynasties.

At that time, Czarist Russia sent Cossack expeditionary forces to invade Heilongjiang River Basin for decades, and built castles such as nebuchu and yakesha on Chinese territory as invasion strongholds. Xuanye was determined to expel the Russian army and recover the lost territory after he pacified "San Francisco" and unified Taiwan. From the 24th year to the 26th year of Kangxi, he organized two times to recover yakesha

Chinese PinYin : Qing Sheng Zu Xuan Ye