best-known leader of the Taiping Rebellion

best-known leader of the Taiping Rebellion

Hong Xiuquan (from January 1, 1814 to June 1, 1864), the king of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, was the leader of the peasant uprising in the late Qing Dynasty. His family name was renkun. He used to be named huoxiu, but later changed to Xiuquan in order to avoid God's taboo. He was born in fuyuanshui village, Xinhua Town, Huaxian County, Guangdong Province (now Huadu District, Guangzhou City).

During the reign of Daoguang, he wrote the song of Yuandao salvation and other works. On January 11, the first year of Xianfeng (1851), Hong Xiuquan led the Jintian uprising and took office as the king of heaven. Xianfeng three years (1853), Jiangning (now Nanjing), renamed Tianjing. After the establishment of the capital, Hong Xiuquan divided his forces to occupy the provinces along the Yangtze River, sent troops to the north and West, and destroyed the Jiangnan and Jiangbei camps. In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), Hong Xiuquan killed Yang Xiuqing and Wei Changhui, known as the "Tianjing incident" in history. Then he quickly appointed Chen Yucheng, Li Xiucheng and other new generals, and took Hong Rengan as the military adviser to implement the new deal. On June 1, 1864, Hong Xiuquan died in Tianjing at the age of 51. After his death, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement failed under the joint strangulation of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces.

Politically, Hong Xiuquan perfected the official system, built the Royal Palace and established the five army generals; economically, he promulgated the Tian Mu system of the heavenly Dynasty and tried to abolish the feudal land ownership; culturally, he reformed the imperial examination system and abolished the four books and five classics; religiously, he maintained the independence of God worship and resisted the religious infiltration of foreign powers; in the principle of sovereignty, he signed a treaty with the Qing government We should not recognize all the unequal treaties and actively fight against imperialist aggression.

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement led by Hong Xiuquan swept over most of China, lasted for 14 years, dealt a heavy blow to the reactionary forces at home and abroad, and left a far-reaching impact on China's modern history. Hong Xiuquan made great contributions to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement, and even Sun Yat Sen claimed to be "Hong Xiuquan second". However, Hong Xiuquan's policy of blind exclusion of foreigners, his unrealistic program and his corrupt life style in his later period all have negative effects.

Life of the characters

Repeated non-s

On January 1, 1814, Hong Xiuquan was born in fuyuanshui village, Huaxian County, Guangdong Province, and later moved to guanlubu village.

Hong Xiuquan was born in Huaxian County, Guangdong Province (now Huadu District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province) on the 10th day of December in the 19th year of Jiaqing (lunar calendar). From the age of 7, he went to school in the village and was familiar with the four books, five classics and some other ancient books.

In the seventh year of Daoguang (1827), Hong Xiuquan was 15 years old. He took part in the county test for the first time in Huaxian County, ranking among the best. But when he went to Guangzhou to take part in the government examination, he failed. The next year, due to the financial difficulties of his family, he was engaged in agricultural labor and self-taught at the same time. During this period, he read a lot of Chinese history and strange books.

In 1829, at the invitation of his classmates, Hong Xiuquan went to the private school of Jiuling ancient temple near the county seat to accompany him.

In 1830, Hong Xiuquan was employed as a teacher in the village because of his knowledge and began his teaching career in the countryside.

The villagers are optimistic about Hong Xiuquan's success and fame. However, he failed in the hospital examination in Guangzhou three times. He was 25 years old after he lost the election in Guangzhou for the third time. He was seriously ill and once in a coma when he came home. In his illness, an old man said to him, "by the will of heaven, I am ordered to come to the world to kill demons and demons." Since then, Hong Xiuquan has been silent and behaved strangely.

Creation of God

In the 16th year of Daoguang (1836), Hong Xiuquan read Liang Fa's book "good advice to the world" which he had received when he was taking an exam in Guangzhou. After reading it carefully, he was inspired by the Christian doctrine of preaching God and germinated the concept of believing in God and pursuing equality for all. Comparing the contents of the book with his illusions when he was seriously ill, he thought that he was ordered by God to go down to the world to kill demons. He threw aside the book of Confucius and Mencius, stopped being a Confucian and changed to believe in God, and replaced the Confucius tablet in his family with the tablet of God. Although he had never read the Bible, Hong Xiuquan began to publicize his understanding of God, calling it "God worship church" (also known as God worship Society). Claiming to be the second son of God, the brother of Jesus.

Hong Xiuquan initially preached near Guangzhou, but failed. Hong Xiuquan urged his good friend Feng Yunshan to withdraw the memorial tablet of Confucius and worship God instead, and spread the doctrine to the villagers. Later, he wrote "the salvation song of Yuan Dao" and other preaching poems, which criticized all kinds of dark phenomena under the rule of the Qing government and called for the establishment of a new world of "one family in the world, sharing peace" in accordance with the Christian doctrine. Hong Xiuquan used the Christian doctrine to reform the society.

In the spring of the 23rd year of Daoguang (1843), Hong Xiuquan was not reconciled to the failure of the examination, so he took part in the hospital examination again, but failed.

In 1844, Hong Xiuquan and Feng Yunshan went to Guangxi to preach. Hong Xiuquan soon returned to Guangdong, where Feng Yunshan left for development, and his followers grew.

From the 25th year of Daoguang (1845) to the next year, Hong Xiuquan wrote many works in his hometown, such as Yuan Dao Xing Shi Xun, Yuan Dao Jue Shi Xun and Bai Zheng Ge.

At the beginning of the 27th year of Daoguang (1847), Hong Xiuquan studied in a Christian Church in Guangzhou for several months and asked to be baptized. But the priest thought that Hong Xiuquan didn't know enough about the doctrine and refused, so he baptized himself.

In October of the 27th year of Daoguang (1847), Hong Xiuquan then went to Guangxi to meet Feng Yunshan. Hong and Feng Yunshan established a leading organization of God worship in Lu Liujia, a believer in gaokengchong. They decided to challenge other religions and theocracies. Hong and Feng first took the most popular Temple of Ganwang in Xiangzhou, smashed the idol of Ganwang, and declared ten crimes, such as killing his mother and defying God. With the help of Feng Yunshan, the "God worship Association" was established in Guiping, Guangxi in that year, with 2000 members including Yang Xiuqing, Xiao Chaogui and Wei Changhui. The rules and rituals of the God worship association were formulated in succession.

In 1850, Hong Xiuquan and others decided to fight against the Qing Dynasty and step up preparations. In the second half of the year, the congregation came to Jintian group camp one after another.

Call the king and establish a career

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On the 10th of December in the first year of Xianfeng (1851), Hong Xiuquan launched the Jintian uprising and took office as the king of heaven. Li Xingyuan, the imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, was sent to Guangxi to suppress the crime. Li Xingyuan dispatched Xiang Rong, the governor of Guangxi, to lead more than ten thousand Qing troops to besiege the Taiping Army in an attempt to strangle the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement.

On January 13, the first year of Xianfeng (1851), Hong Xiuquan occupied Jiangkou, an important commercial town. On February 18, Xiang Rong invaded Jiangkou and was ambushed. "Most of the officers and men were cold hearted.". We had to use the tactics of "encirclement" to prevent the Taiping army from marching eastward. Due to the lack of food, Hong Xiuquan led his troops to withdraw from Jiangkou polder on the night of March 10 and moved westward to defend Dongxiang of Wuxuan. On the 23rd, Hong Xiuquan was enfeoffed as the chief General of the five armies.

On April 3 of the first year of Xianfeng (1851), Zhou Tianjue, governor of Guangxi, and Xiang Rong invaded sanliwei on a large scale. Hong Xiuquan and Feng Yunshan went to the front line to supervise the battle and defeated the Qing army again. On June 9, the Taiping army defeated the ulantai army in duao mountain and other places. Because the Qing army blocked the North Road, Hong Xiuquan broke South and turned back to Zijing mountain on July 2. Hong Xiuquan divided the team into two parts: the former army took Mo Village as the center, with Yang and Xiao in charge; he and Feng Yunshan led the army to set up a headquarters in gancha area, "the former took Xinxu as the gateway, and the latter took Zhuzai gorge and Shuangbi mountain as the pass." On August 11, Zhuzai gorge and Shuangji mountain pass were lost due to the attack of Qing army. On the 16th, Hong Xiuquan issued an edict to break through the encirclement under the tea ground. After 20 days, the army withdrew from Zijing mountain and returned to Xinwei, continuing to fight with the Qing army. On the night of September 11, the Taiping army broke through Xinwei in the rain. On September 15, it was defeated by the Qing army of xiangrongbu in guancunling. Hong Xiuquan called on the whole army "not to be greedy for life and death, not to be greedy for safety and fear of hardship" and to take advantage of the victory to develop. On September 25, the Taiping army conquered the city of Yong'an. Here, the Taiping army stayed for more than half a year to build its political power.

In April of the second year of Xianfeng (1852), the food and grass in the city were exhausted, and the gunpowder was exhausted. On April 4, Hong Xiuquan issued a breakthrough order to the whole army, ordering the whole army to "all the male generals and female generals should hold swords, show up and only replace their clothes; kill demons with one heart and boldness, and the burden of Jinbao should be relieved", calling on the soldiers to "be happy and enthusiastic, be strong and strong", "simplify the hardcover" and "dare to kill demons". Late at night on the 5th, the Taiping army broke through the line of defense of the Qing army on Yong'an East Road, pursued Rong and ulantai, and destroyed more than 2000 Taiping guards in longliaoling. Full of righteous indignation, the whole army ambushed the Qing army in Dadong and marched northward. On April 18, they surrounded Guilin, the capital of Guangxi Province, and killed ulantai at jiangjunqiao in the southern suburb. Xiang Rong was in a hurry to defend Guilin. The Taiping army besieged Guilin for one month. On May 19, he took the initiative to withdraw the encirclement and head north. On June 3, he conquered Quanzhou. The Taiping Army immediately moved northward, and "wanted to attack Hunan and Han Dynasties" to drink horses from the Yangtze River. However, he was ambushed by the Qing army in suoyidu and suffered serious losses. Feng Yunshan died unfortunately. Hong Xiuquan lost his "upright loyal minister" and close comrades in arms. After the setback of Suoyi ferry, Hong Xiuquan led the Taiping army to land from the East Bank of the Xiangjiang River, then entered Hunan by land, and occupied Daozhou on the 12th. Yang Xiuqing put forward the strategic idea of marching into the two lakes and taking Nanjing to the East, and re issued three proclamations, such as the decree of killing demons to save the world and the people in Yong'an period, to expose the corrupt rule of the Qing government

Chinese PinYin : Hong Xiu Quan