Fu Shan
Fu Shan
Fu Shan (1607.8.11-1684.8.2) was a Taoist thinker, calligrapher and medical scientist during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. At the beginning, it was named Dingchen, with the word Qingzhu. It was changed to Qingzhu. It also had the nicknames of Zhuowang and Guanhua. The Han nationality was from Taiyuan, Shanxi Province. Fu Shan claimed to be a disciple of Lao Zhuang, and he himself repeatedly emphasized and told himself on many occasions and in his works: "I am a scholar of Lao Zhuang", "I am an apprentice of Zhuang", "my teacher, Mr. Zhuang" and "my study of lacquer garden".
Consciously inherit the ideology and culture of Taoist school. He made a serious study and elucidation of Laozi and Zhuangzi's propositions, such as "Tao follows nature", "governing by doing nothing", "the existence of early Tai" and "concealing but not concealing". He developed the traditional thought of Taoism and often regarded himself as a disciple of Laozi and Zhuangzi.
Fu Shan was good at learning everything. Besides classics and history, he was also good at painting and calligraphy medicine. Li Zhimin, a professor at Peking University and the founder of introducing steles into the grass, commented: "Fu Shan's cursive script has a lot of eyes, complicated but not disordered. It is in the state of Yu Bo Hun and Yi Yan.". His works include frost red niche collection, etc. In some martial arts novels, Fu Shan is described as a martial arts master. He is a well-known Taoist scholar, who knows everything about philosophy, medicine, Neidan, Confucianism, Buddhism, poetry, calligraphy, painting, Jinshi, martial arts, textual research, etc. He is regarded as a model figure in maintaining national integrity in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Together with Gu Yanwu, Huang Zongxi, Wang Fuzhi, Li Jia and Yan Yuan, Fu Qingzhu was called "the six masters of the early Qing Dynasty" by Liang Qichao. He wrote Fu Qingzhu's Gynecology, Fu Qingzhu's andrology and other works handed down from generation to generation. There is a biography in Volume 51 of the draft of Qing history.
Life of the characters
At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Yangqu County, located in the hinterland of Shanxi Province (today's Taiyuan City), was a famous Taoist figure who was versatile, energetic, thoughtful and ambitious. His deeds and life are not recorded in the official history, even in the county annals and government annals which specially record the local history. However, his reputation and influence are quite great and profound. It is no exaggeration to say that he is almost a household name in Taiyuan and even in the land of Shanxi, known to all women and children, and popular among the people. In the whole of Shanxi and even in the whole country, it is also well-known. He was Fu Qingzhu, a man of lofty ideals during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Fu Shan was born into a scholarly family of officialdom. His family had a long history of learning. His ancestors had governed Zhuozhuan and Hanshu for seven or eight generations. Fu chaoxuan, the great grandfather, was Yibin and chengwulang of Ninghua Prefecture. Fu Lin, the great grandfather, was an official of Shandong Councilor and Liaohai military preparation. He had a lot of achievements. His father Fu Zimo was not an official all his life and was good at studying. When Fu Shan was a young man, he received strict family education, learned extensively and memorized strongly. He could recite after reading several times. At the age of 15, he was a student of doctor, and at the age of 20, he was a student of higher education. Later, he studied in Sanli academy and was guided and taught by Yuan Jixian, who was one of Yuan's favorite disciples.
Yuan Jixian was an upright official in the late Ming Dynasty. When he was studying Shanxi, he rectified the style of study of Sanli academy and selected talents with the spirit of "strict legislation and broad intention". He attached great importance to the education of articles and integrity, which had a profound influence on Fu Shan. Fu Shan was also proud of his excellent academic skills and his emphasis on solar terms. Yuan Jixian once served as the Minister of the Ministry of war in the dynasty. Because of his honest and upright official, he had the courage to speak up and offended Wei Zhongxian, a powerful man, and was demoted to Shanxi University. In the ninth year of Chongzhen (1636), Wei Zhongxian's best friend Zhang Sunzhen, the censor of Shanxi Province, fabricated charges against Yuan Jixian and accused him of being in prison in the capital. Fu Shan, who was responsible for Yuan Ming's injustice, contacted with Xue Zongzhou and more than 100 students, went to Beijing on foot to petition for Yuan's injustice. He led the students to print and paste the truth everywhere in Beijing, and twice appeared in court to testify. After seven or eight months of struggle, Yuan Jixian's unjust case was vindicated and the government restored Wuchang road. On the day yuan Jixian got the snow, Zhang Sunzhen, Wei Zhongxian's pawn, was also punished for framing. The victory of this struggle shocked the whole country, and Fu Shan got high honor and praise, which made him famous in the capital and even in the whole country.
After the yuan case, Fu Shan returned to Taiyuan. He had no intention of official career. He looked for a temple in the northwest of the city and opened it as a study. He carefully read all kinds of books, including scriptures, books, histories and collections, and even Buddhist, Islamic and Catholic classics. He mastered a wealth of knowledge. In 1643, Fu Shan was employed as a lecturer in Sanli Academy. Not long after, Li Zicheng's uprising army marched into Taiyuan, and Fu Shan accompanied his mother to Pingding Jiashan. Soon after, the uprising army and the Qing army successively occupied Beijing, and the Ming Dynasty died. After hearing the news, Fu Shan wrote a sad poem: "it's hard to cry for the national documents, but you can't escape according to your own life.". In order to show his resistance to the Qing government's shaving, he paid homage to Guo Jingzhong, a Taoist of Wufeng mountain in Shouyang city. Because he was wearing a red Taoist robe, he was named "Taoist in red" and "Taoist in stone". Zhu Yi, the clothing of Zhu family name, implies the memory of the death of Ming Dynasty; Shi Dao, like Shi Zhijian, means never to yield to the Qing Dynasty. It can be seen that Fu Shan became a monk not from his own heart, but as a sustenance and cover for his loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, resistance to the Qing Dynasty and restoration of Ming Dynasty.
At the beginning of the Qing army's entry into Shanhaiguan and the establishment of its capital in Beijing, the tide of resistance against the Qing Dynasty rose one after another with great momentum. Fu Shan longed for the growing strength of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and went north to expel Kuang fuming room of the Qing Dynasty as soon as possible. He actively contacted song Qian, the chief military officer sent by the king of Guangxi to Shanxi, plotted and accumulated strength. He initially planned to revolt from Wuji town in Wuan, Henan Province, on March 15, 1654, and developed northward power. However, it was not a secret. Soon after he went to Wu'an, song Qian was captured by the Qing army and confessed to Fu Shan. So Fu Shan was arrested and held in Taiyuan prison. During his detention, Fu Shan denied his political relationship with song Qian. Even if he was forced to confess by torture, he only said that song had asked him for medical treatment and was refused, so he held a grudge. A year later, the Qing court did not allow Fu Shan to give a confession, so it released him with the sentence of "Fu Shan really made a false report, and he was forgiven accordingly".
After Fu Shan was released from prison, his anti Qing heart remained unchanged. During the 14-16 years of Shunzhi, Zeng went to the south of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River to investigate the anti Qing situation. When the Qing Dynasty became more and more stable and there was no hope of restoring the Ming Dynasty, he returned to Taiyuan and lived in seclusion in the outskirts of the city. The nicknames of "Songqiao" and "qiaohuang" were taken after that, implying that after the death of the Ming Dynasty, he had no country or home, and he was just a guest everywhere. His poem "Taiyuan people as Taiyuan overseas Chinese" is a reflection of this painful mood. In the second year of Kangxi (1663), Kunshan Gu Yanwu, who took part in the Nanming regime, visited heroes and found Fu Shan in Taiyuan. They shared the same interests in fighting against the Qing Dynasty and became comrades. Since then, they have been close friends. They agreed to organize a ticket number as an economic institution against the Qing Dynasty. Later, Fu Shan had many contacts with Shen Hanguang, sun Qifeng, Li Yindu, Qu Dayun, Wang xianzuo, Yan ruoxian and other celebrities and scholars who insisted on the anti Qing position. In particular, Yan Ermei, who led the uprising in Shandong Province, also came to Taiyuan to meet with Fu Shan and formed a "alliance of winter and winter" with him. Wang xianzuo saw Fushan's permanent residence in Tuyao, and bought a house for him, namely No. 4 courtyard of Fujia Lane in Taiyuan.
In the early Qing Dynasty, in order to win the hearts of the people and eliminate the anti Qing consciousness of the old people who died in the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi issued an imperial edict in 1678, which was increasingly consolidated by the Qing government. For Li zongkong and Liu Peixian, Fu Shan was recommended to be knowledgeable in macro CI. Fu Shan said he was ill and refused. Dai Mengxiong, the magistrate of Yangqu County, was ordered to drive and forced Fu Shan to Beijing. After arriving in Beijing, Fu Shan continued to complain of illness and was bedridden. Feng Pu, the Prime Minister of the Qing Dynasty, was treated ceremoniously by a group of Manchu and Han officials. After many visits and persuasions, Fu Shan sat on the head of his bed and took it easy. He not only refused to take the examination because of illness, but also did not kowtow when the emperor granted him the post of "secretary in the cabinet". Emperor Kangxi was not angry at Fu Shan's action. Instead, he said that he wanted to be "courteous" and ordered that "Fu Shan's literary works should be plain, read his old age, and be specially granted a letter to the cabinet to ask questions from local officials."
After Fu Shan returned from Beijing, all the local officials went to visit him and called him in the cabinet. In this regard, Fu Shan bowed his head and closed his eyes. Dai, the magistrate of Yangqu County, was ordered to hang the plaque of "Fengge pulun" at the head of his house. Fu Shan refused with awe inspiring indifference. He still claimed to be a citizen and lived in the countryside. He was like water and fire with the government. He showed his character and integrity of "high ambition and high wind, like a stone".
Main achievements
Fu Shan, a thinker in the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, has always been praised as a "sea of learning". He is good at calligraphy and painting, and has a wide range of books. He has made profound research in classics, poetry, calligraphy and painting, Zhongding characters, medicine and other fields. The idea of "no distinction between classics" and "equality between classics" advocated by Fu Shan is the first of a generation It is rare in ancient Chinese academic history. Among all the scholars, Chuang Tzu is the first one to do his best and embody his thoughts.
In his life, Fu Shan, who is proud of himself, is a maverick. He often derogates and satirizes classics, celebrities and dignitaries. He only praises Zhuangsheng and Zhuangzi. He regards them as the ultimate theory and expresses his love for Zhuangzi. Chuang Tzu is often mentioned in his poems, essays and comments. Fu Shan's works include Zhuangzi Yi annotation, Lao Zhuang Er Shu, Xiao Yao you, Ying Di Wang, Du Nan Hua Jing, Zhuangzi Tian Xia Pian, Zhuangzi Li Zi, Zhuangzi Qing Zi and Xunqing Ping Zhuangzi. In addition, there are a lot of other poems and essays about Zhuangzi Sentence.
Fu Shan annotated all over his life, especially in Zhuangzi. The thought of Zhuangzi is not only the guidance of his spirit, but also the destination of his mind. The way of annotation and words are more obvious
Chinese PinYin : Fu Shan
Fu Shan
