Lin Changyi

Lin Changyi

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Lin Changyi (1803-1876) was a modern scholar, poet and poetry critic. Huichang, also known as Xiangxi, is a native of mountain. In his later years, he was also known as the old man of tea and the native of Wuhu mountain. Fujian Marquis (now Fuzhou City) people. In the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), he failed in many examinations. Because of offering Sanli Tongshi, he got the teaching post of Jianning government school in 1858, and was expelled from the government only one year later. During the Tongzhi period, he once took charge of teaching Lianzhou Haimen Academy. His important works include "sheyinglou poetry", "haitianqinsilu", "yanguixulu", "xiaoshiquge anthology" and so on.

Life of the characters

Reading thousands of books

Lin Changyi was born in the eighth year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty. His father, Gao Han, was a Confucian scholar, and later went to the Atlantic Ocean to do business. Lin Changyi's family was poor when he was a child, but his mother Wu's family education was very strict, and she personally supervised classes every day. Under the guidance of his mother, Lin Changyi read "Three Character Classic" at the age of 4 and copied "Six Classics" at the age of 11. At that time, people in the family generally thought that reading was useless and forced Wu to let Lin Changyi go to Atlantic to do business and make money. But Wu resolutely refused, and even jumped into the well to fight. In this way, Lin Changyi was able to continue to study.
As a child, Lin Changyi's achievements have come to the fore. At the age of 17, he was among the best in the county and government examinations. When he was 20 years old, he was appreciated by Chen Shouqi, the head of Aofeng academy, and went on the road of managing classics with Sinology. It is said that Chen Shouqi's family has a collection of more than 80000 volumes of books, while Lin Changyi spent seven years reading them thoroughly and "reading all the best books as a summary". Lin Changyi once said: "Yu Zhi's knowledge of being a man is made by his former mother Wu Tai'an; Yu Zhi's knowledge of reading is made by Chen Gongfu's teacher."

travel thousands of miles

When Lin Changyi was young, his wealth had spread all over the place. Even his master once said: "recently, there are few examples of the essence and erudition of Xiangxi (Lin Changyi) However, to the embarrassment of this talented man, Lin Changyi failed eight times when he went to Beijing to take part in the examination. But for Lin Changyi, this is also a turning point in his life. After each examination, he took advantage of his return journey to travel all over the north and south of the river, up and down the Yellow River, and to Yan and Zhao areas in the north. Gradually, Lin Changyi became more and more fond of "walking ten thousand Li Road". He climbed Mount Tai three times and Daiyue two times. He left his footprints in historic places such as Jingxing, Tongguan and Chibi. At the same time, he also searched for famous scenic spots such as Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Suzhou and Hangzhou. It can be said that this experience expanded Lin Changyi's vision, stimulated his passion, and broke his narrow concept of imperial examination. Therefore, Lin Changyi took poetry as his song, "his spirit overflows Jiuzhou, and he travels alone quickly in Yunshan mountains" (excerpted from his "sad farewell"), and wrote many poems praising the magnificence of the motherland's mountains and rivers, such as "climbing Mount Tai to watch the sun Pavilion", "daiyueyin", "Tongguan trip", "Wuyishan Da Yinping" and so on. During his travels, Lin Changyi also made friends with many practical scholars, such as Wei Yuan and Zhu Qi. Gradually, Lin Changyi was no longer entangled in the imperial examination. He realized that the eight part essay was too one-sided, and sighed: "the imperial examination method and the eight part art method are not enough basis for selecting scholars That's why this talent is coming down. "

Try to serve the country

The year when Lin Changyi was elected was the time when Lin Zexu was ordered to go to Guangdong to ban smoking. When Lin Zexu destroyed opium in public at Humen beach, Lin Changyi and other patriots applauded. He hated the British for importing a large amount of opium. "The British used opium as a poisonous substance to earn Chinese treasure. This is a natural and human indignation." "The land of Fuzhou, with gold as its mountain and silver as its sea, is not enough to meet the needs of the rebellious barbarians. Is it because the land is barren and the people are poor?" Lin Changyi firmly advocated anti British, saying: "foreign smoke is poisonous, and China's vitality has been damaged. There are two ways to save: one is to cut off trade, the other is to open the sea ban. It's not necessary to fight for the sake of trade. If you want to make peace, you'll be at ease. If you want to make peace, you'll be at the end of Hu. " After Lin Changyi and Lin Zexu met, they were like-minded and had close contact. Lin Zexu's daughter Pu Qing and son-in-law Shen Baozhen also became Lin Changyi's students.
Soon, the British aggressors were unwilling to fail, so that the fleet arrived at the sea of Guangdong one after another, trying to force the Qing court to submit. At this time, Lin Changyi wrote a letter to Lin Zexu, offering "Sixteen strategies of Pingyi" and "records of breaking rebellion" (Volume 4). Both books have been lost, but according to Lin Zexu's reply, he said: "Zhou Xiang was planned during this period, which can be called perfect. This long strategy of winning all battles is very similar to my brother's. When my younger brother was in central Guangdong, he surrounded the foreign ghosts and captured the foreign ships three times. Twice, the foreign ships withdrew from the outer port and did not dare to fight against each other He thinks that this is "a Book of true salvation, a useful work".
Lin Zexu and other patriots had no plan to defeat the enemy, but said they could not be convinced by the Manchu Qing Dynasty, which was "scared to death". Lin Zexu was "asked to resign", and all the people he used were the moderates who were greedy for life, afraid of death, and afraid of war. After the Opium War broke out and several places in China were lost, Emperor Daoguang was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing, in which Fuzhou was opened as a trading port. Lin Changyi hated this and regarded it as a great shame of the whole country. He lashed out at the moderates: "what is the heart of the moderators in the change of British rebellion. I have a taste of the contents of the peace treaty, but I don't feel that I am referring to it. "
At that time, there happened to be a library in the Yi family of Linchang facing Jicui temple in Niaoshan, which was occupied by the British. Lin Changyi "witnessed the heartbreak and thought of using a strong bow and poison arrow to shoot it. Because he drew the picture of shooting the eagle to drive away the wolf to see his ambition, he named the building he lived in as" shooting the Eagle building. " The so-called hungry eagle and wolf refer to the British Invaders. He also wrote a pair of couplets on the top of the building: "building to Wushan, half animal hoof bird trace; drawing tiger brigade, wielding poison arrow and strong bow." At that time, Lin Changyi had no choice but to abandon his pen and join the army to take part in the anti British war. After seeing the picture of shooting eagles to drive away wolves, Chen kaican, a talented man in Jiangxi Province, once wrote: "Lin Sheng is 40 years old, and he is a man of extraordinary spirit, and he is only when he studies ten thousand books that he becomes a man of great power. "I've always wanted to finish my military career, and I've always thought about my achievements."

On patriotic poetry

Unable to join the army and serve the country, Lin Changyi devoted himself to writing books at home behind closed doors. He drew the scroll of the painting of shooting eagle, and wrote the most important book in his life, poetry of shooting Eagle tower. This book strongly shows Lin Changyi's patriotic and anti aggression desire. In the first two volumes, poems reflecting the Opium War are collected. By commending the author and his works, the anti imperialist patriotism is encouraged, and the strategies of resisting invasion, opium trafficking and commodity dumping are also discussed.
There are no less than 200 poets in the book, especially those in Jiaqing and Daoguang dynasties. Among them, Wei Yuan, Lin Zexu, Zhang Jiliang, Zhu Qi, Zhang Weiping and other progressive poets at that time were given more space. Besides their biographies, the included authors also traced back the origin of their poems and commented on their style achievements. However, Lin Changyi is not limited to the works of contemporary celebrities. Many of them are not included in Historical Biographies and anthologies. In addition, Lin Changyi collected poems about martyrs from all over the world, including poems about patriotic heroes who died in the Opium War, such as Guan Tianpei, the commander-in-chief of Guangdong Navy, and Lin Zhi, the general manager of jinmenba.
Lin Changyi's "sheyinglou Shihua" focuses on style, meaning and interest, and opposes moaning without illness and piling up words. He expressed the author's views on poetry by selecting and commenting on his works and reviewing his predecessors' poetics. He emphasized "fate" and "sustenance" in his poems, emphasized that "there are poets everywhere", and proposed that poetry is "based on temperament". He affirmed that Yan Yu's poems had different materials and tastes. However, he opposed Yan Yu's formulation of "poetry is not a Guanxue" and "poetry is not a Guanli", and praised that "although poetry is a minor skill, it originated from classics and history. It is necessary to store ten thousand volumes, and then it is enough to be driven. This actually reflected the poetic tendency of "the words of scholars and poets" at that time, which was later praised by the "Tongguang style" poetic school.

Strong patriotism

Lin Changyi, Weiyuan and Lin Zexu are close friends and pay attention to world affairs. He has a strong sense of patriotism to the outside world, "every time he talks about the sea atmosphere, he is enthusiastic and generous" (preface to the poem of sheyinglou by Wen Xun). Lin Zexu thought it was a "book of salvation" (a letter to Lin Chang Yi). The four ministers table is actually aimed at the reality of the court's "defeated generals and mediocre ministers". Lin Changyi's poetry anthology contains nearly 800 poems, excluding other people's poems. His poems, such as the three chapters of tingchuanci and the market price line, denounce officials' greed and concern for the suffering of the people, while the poems in Qiyou and crossing the sea express his worry and anger about the invasion of imperialism and his strong will to fight against it. As a Confucian scholar and poet, Lin Changyi's poems express his feelings when he is angry with the world with elegant and docile words, so "there is the spirit of gold and stone, and there is also the spirit of Jiang GUI" (Tao Liang's comments on Lin Changyi's poems), which is strong and vigorous.

On the achievements of poetry

Lin Changyi's outstanding achievement is to comment on poetry. In the last years of Daoguang, he wrote "sheyinglou Shihua", which is mainly about Sheying (insidious shooting), followed by "about Weathering" (sheyinglou Shihua, Vol. 22). Therefore, it is different from the general works on poetry, and has an obvious tendency to concern about current affairs. It mainly includes four aspects

① Outstanding performance of patriotic anti aggression thought

the first two volumes collect poems reflecting the Opium War. By commending the author and his works, they encourage anti imperialist patriotism, resist invasion, drug trafficking and commodity dumping

Chinese PinYin : Lin Chang Yi