Tusi Mansion

Tusi Mansion

Tusi Fu was the feudal leader in the local area. There are government offices, organizations, security forces and grassroots political power. If the rank is large, it is equivalent to the rank of governor and county magistrate. Most of them exist in minority border areas.

tusi system

"Chieftain system" is a national policy used by the ruling class of the feudal dynasty to solve the ethnic minority areas in Southwest China. Its meaning lies in Jimi system, which still imitates the "Jimi system" of the Tang Dynasty. Politically, he consolidated his rule, economically maintained the original mode of production, and was satisfied with the Levy of tribute. Therefore, it is a system that oppresses ethnic minorities politically and economically. Tusi system, which started from Jimi system in Tang Dynasty, was formed in Song Dynasty, flourished in Ming Dynasty, collapsed in Qing Dynasty, and ended in early 20th century for more than 1000 years

.

Tusi system is a compromise form in which the ruling classes of central and local nationalities unite and struggle with each other in yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Under the rule of the chieftain, the land and the people were inherited by the chieftain. The chieftain formed their own spheres of influence, resulting in a state of separatism, which led to hatred and war between and within the nations.

The military system of chieftain is another new and important system of the feudal ruling dynasty in carrying out the "chieftain system" in the frontier minority areas. It has gone through a hundred years of history of yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, evolved several times, and finally formed its inherent basic content and characteristics. It is an important part of the military system under the centralized system of the feudal ruling dynasty in ancient China. Its long time span and wide scope once had a significant impact on the social politics, economy, military, science and technology, culture and other aspects of the Dai Region. Therefore, today, under the historical conditions of stabilizing the border and building a colorful and harmonious Yunnan, we study and analyze the ancient Tusi military system The system still has practical significance.

Change the soil to flow

Guizhou's reform began in the Ming Dynasty, but its climax was in the Yongzheng period in the early Qing Dynasty. There are profound historical reasons for the Emperor Yongzheng's adoption of the governor's suggestion of returning the native land to Liu. This is mainly manifested in the following aspects: economically, the Lord economy under the Tusi system hindered the development of the feudal landlord economy; politically, Tusi enjoyed various privileges, such as owning troops, setting up prisons privately, fighting and killing each other, which seriously hindered the centralization of power; while the conflicts among the nations caused by the misdeeds of Tusi and chieftains and enslavement of the local people were becoming increasingly prominent, which was not conducive to the stability of the rule; in transportation, Tusi and chieftains had a strong sense of responsibility, The chieftain region, especially the "land of Huawai", obstructed the "Kaijiang road to Guizhou and Guangdong" and the "land road to Sichuan and Chu to Yunnan", which was not conducive to the control and governance of the central dynasty.

During the Yongzheng period, the prelude of the reform was the reform of Wunai, WUSA and other chieftains, and the focus was the opening up of the border area of Hunan and Guizhou, the area with Leigong Mountain as the center and the junction of Guangshun, Dingfan (now Huishui) and Luodian.

During the reign of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, the reform process of changing the hereditary Tusi to Liuguan was started. The so-called Liuguan refers to the continuous flow of the officials. In order to carry out the policy of changing the territory and returning it to China, the Qing Dynasty launched many wars against ethnic minorities, but the Tusi system did not completely disappear until the end of the Qing Dynasty. During the period of the Republic of China, Ma Bufang armed forces in Ningxia and Qinghai accepted the appointment of the government of the Republic of China, but they still managed their own jurisdiction, which was no different from the previous Tusi system. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the chieftain system was completely abolished through the stages of suppressing bandits, land reform and regional national autonomy.

Chieftain rank

Official name. It was established in the Yuan Dynasty. It is used to confer the title of Chieftain to the leaders of ethnic minorities in the northwest and southwest regions. The position of chieftain can be hereditary, but the hereditary officer needs the approval of the imperial court. The chieftain of Yuan Dynasty had three kinds of military positions: Xuanwei envoy, Xuanfu envoy and appeasement envoy. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, chieftains were set up along the line. Since the Ming Dynasty, three kinds of civil official positions, including local magistrate, local prefecture magistrate and local county magistrate, have been added. The chieftain undertook certain taxes and servitudes to the imperial court, and provided troops according to the imperial court's collection and distribution order; he maintained his ruling right as the leader of the tribe.

During the reign of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, the reform process of changing the hereditary Tusi to Liuguan was started. The so-called Liuguan refers to the continuous flow of the officials. In order to carry out the policy of changing the territory and returning it to China, the Qing Dynasty launched many wars against ethnic minorities, but the Tusi system did not completely disappear until the end of the Qing Dynasty. During the period of the Republic of China, Ma Bufang armed forces in Ningxia and Qinghai accepted the appointment of the government of the Republic of China, but they still managed their own jurisdiction, which was no different from the previous Tusi system. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the chieftain system was completely abolished through the stages of suppressing bandits, land reform and regional national autonomy.

In yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the leaders of minority areas were granted hereditary official posts to rule the people of the minority areas. It also refers to the person who has been granted such an office.

"In the minority areas of Western Guangxi, after the uprising of pingnong Zhigao in the Song Dynasty, Diqing's subordinates and chieftains were appointed as local officials, and many local prefectures, counties and caves were established. These tuzhou County caves, social economy, political organization, cultural system and customs are different from those of Liuguan County, so they are called Tusi. The litigant is in charge of his affairs, or the official office. (excerpt from Huang Xianlin's general history of Zhuang nationality).

The formation of Yuanjiang Junmin government

In order to consolidate its feudal ruling position over the whole country, the central dynasty of Ming Dynasty implemented a system of enfeoffment of hereditary official positions of leaders of various nationalities in some minority areas to rule the local people, which is the so-called "Tusi system".

In the early years of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the policy of "soil should not flow outside the three rivers, and soil should not flow inside the three rivers". After several adjustments in Hongwu and Yongle dynasties, Liuguan were set up in Yunnan, Qujing, Chengjiang, Lin'an, Dali and Yongchang; Liuguan in Chuxiong, Yao'an and Guangfu served as magistrate, supplemented by local officials, serving as Tongzhi and Tongzhi; and 13 prefectures in XUNDIAN, Wuding, Guangxi, Yuanjiang, Jingdong, Menghua, shunning, Heqing, Lijiang, Yongning, Wumeng, Dongchuan and Mangbu were dominated by local officials With the help of officials. Among the 13 prefectures in Yunnan, which are dominated by local officials and supplemented by local officials, Yuanjiang Junmin Prefecture, with Dai Na family as hereditary local officials, is one of them. In the Ming Dynasty, "Yuanjiang Junmin government" was upgraded from "Yuanjiang magistrate" after narong, a Dai local official, went to Beijing to pay tribute in the third year of Yongle (1405 AD).

Address: 0.1 M north of Chuxiong City, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province

Longitude: 101.517657

Latitude: 25.05679

Chinese PinYin : Tu Si Fu