Hada

Hada

Hada (Tibetan: ཁ་བ ཏ ག ས།)

, Mongolian: х а д а Г

, zongka language: དར།

Chinese phonetic alphabet: H ǎ D á) is a kind of silk fabric used by Mongolian and Tibetan people as etiquette, which is a necessary product in social activities. The long silk scarves or gauze scarves used to express respect and congratulations are mostly white, blue and yellow. In addition, there are colorful hada, the colors are blue, white, yellow, green and red. Blue is blue sky, white is white cloud, green is river, red is space protector, yellow is earth. Multicolored hada is the most precious gift given to Bodhisattvas and close relatives. According to Buddhist doctrine, colorful hada is the clothing of Bodhisattvas. Therefore, colorful hada is only used in specific circumstances.

In Tibetan, "ha" means "Kou" and "Da" means "Ma". The two words "Ha Da" are translated literally: a horse in the mouth, that is to say, this gift is equivalent to the value of a horse. This is because most people can't bring horses to any place when they meet, but they can't just use the "hada" of silk to replace a horse.

Hada is the most popular gift for Tibetan people from all walks of life. Hada is similar to the ancient Han ritual silk. The areas where Tibetan culture is popular include Nepal

Bhutan and Buryat, Russia

And other places have this custom.

origin

The word "hada" is close to Tibetan "Kadar" in pronunciation and Mongolian "hadaga". It is generally believed that hada was introduced into Tibet by Kublai Khan in Yuan Dynasty. In 1247, with his uncle Saban gonggajianzan, the king of Sakya met kuodan, the second son of Emperor Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty, in Liangzhou (now Wuwei City, Gansu Province), and lived in the palace for several years. In 1260, Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, succeeded to the throne and granted basiba the title of national teacher, commanding Buddhism throughout the country. In 1265, basiba returned to Sakya temple for the first time and offered hada to the Buddhist statues and eminent monks in various temples. It is said that when basiba offered hada to the Bodhisattva statue of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, a Tara in the mural on one side also stretched out her hand and asked him for a hada. In this way, this Tara is known as "zhuomatar Lianma", that is, "the Tara of yaohada". In the folk, hada is also said to be a fairy ribbon.

Hada (Mongolian transliteration: hadag, Outer Mongolian pronunciation: Х а д а Γ) is a precious gift with national characteristics presented to the distinguished guests by today's Tibetan and Mongolian nationalities. Hada is similar to "silk" in "jade and silk" of ancient Han nationality. According to the documents, Dayu successfully controlled the flood, held a meeting with the princes of the world, held jade and silk, and attended the meeting of all nations. In the Central Plains, the word "jade" is from the king, which refers to the jade carving with the Royal logo "Taotie pattern", such as Cong, Huang, etc.; the word "silk" is from white to towel, which means "white towel", which also means "top silk towel" (because the pronunciation of the word "silk" is the same as that of the word "Bo", and the word "Bo" is from man to white, which means "brother ranks first" Fiber fabric ranks first, so it has the meaning of "top silk scarf". The word "towel" in silk refers to rectangular cloth in Chinese. The original meaning of the word "jade and silk" is "in the great family of China (represented by jade) where the emperors are respected as the parents, the princes of the world respect each other as brothers (represented by silk)", and the extended meaning is "brothers and tribes are like one family".

Ancient silk is the same as Tibetan hada in color, material, shape and function. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the ultimate source of Tibetan hada may be ancient silk (Tibetan history can be traced back to Dayu era). Coincidentally, many Tibetans live in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, where Dayu was born. There are many kinds of textual research on the specific source of hada. In the middle of the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism was introduced into Mongolia. Erdos accepted hada from Tibetan Buddhist monks as an indispensable item in daily etiquette, which has been handed down from generation to generation. According to Marco Polo's travels, "on New Year's day, in all the provinces and kingdoms under the rule of Khan, the important officials who had the territory or had the jurisdiction all paid tribute gold, Galaxy gems and other valuable gifts to Khan one after another, accompanied by white cloth, meaning to wish his majesty a boundless life, abundant financial resources and endless enjoyment." It can be seen that xianhada is auspicious.

According to the analysis of some scholars, the name hada began to appear at the time of his first return to Tibet. As we all know, basiba is a very important historical great man in Tibetan history, especially in the history of the relationship between the central government and Tibet. In 1244, he went to Xiliang (also known as Liangzhou, now Wuwei of Gansu Province) with his uncle sakhaban Zhida gonggajianzan to meet kuodan, the second son of Emperor Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty. After emperor Shizu ascended the throne of the Yuan Dynasty, basiba was respected as the national and imperial teacher. When he first returned to Tibet in 1265, he offered hada to Bodhisattvas, statues of Buddhas and monks.

Hada is a ceremonial article. Offering hada is a traditional ritual of the Mongolian people. It is necessary to use hada for worshiping Buddha, offering sacrifices, weddings and funerals, paying New Year's greetings, and showing respect for elders and distinguished guests. In the nomadic economy, the ancient Mongolians often carried milk food, milk wine or other dry food on their way out. When they met passers-by, they would take the initiative to talk, greet and exchange food with each other, no matter whether they knew each other or not. With the passage of time, it gradually developed into a set of barter customs. Later, there was the custom of exchanging snuff bottles and hADAS.

There are quite a few occasions to use hada. Weddings and funerals, welcome and send, thanks and so on can all be used by hada. According to different uses, hada's folding methods are different. Generally speaking, there are visiting folding method and offering folding method

It is generally believed that hada was introduced into Mongolia grassland after it was introduced into Tibet in Yuan Dynasty. In 1247, with his father Saban gonggajianzan, the king of Sakya met Kuo Duan, the second son of Emperor Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty, in Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu Province), and lived in the palace for several years. In 1260, Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, succeeded to the throne and granted basiba the title of national teacher, commanding Buddhism throughout the country. In 1265, basiba returned to Sakya temple for the first time and offered hada to the Buddhist statues and eminent monks in various temples. It is said that when basiba offered hada to the Bodhisattva statue of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, a Tara in the mural on one side also stretched out her hand and asked him for a hada. In this way, this Tara is known as "zhuomatar Lianma", that is, "the Tara of yaohada". In the folk, hada is also said to be a fairy ribbon.

In the past, the use of hada had certain rules, specifications and forms: on weekdays, officials at all levels had to use hada according to their own identity or name, and they could not violate the rules and regulations. Private and private use of hada to be casual, not so strict rules, relatives and friends also have the use of nakuhada. There are also certain rules and forms for offering to hada: according to the established rules, offering to the upper, giving to the lower, and giving to each other between the same level, as well as between the elders, peers and juniors. When presenting hada to the superior, you should hold it in both hands or present it through an agent. When giving hada to the subordinate, you usually tie it around the neck of the other party, and between the two levels, you should hold it in the hands of the other party. According to different uses, hada's way of offering is also different.

Shape and structure

Hada is a special silk or hemp fabric, usually about 5 feet in length and different in width, embroidered with folk patterns such as "Yunlin" and "Babao". Hada is a kind of raw silk fabric, which is made of silk, silk and silk. Now many hada in people's life are made of woollen materials, but they are all thin and transparent, with white, yellow, blue and other colors. It is woven with eight auspicious phases, lotus, Ruyi and auspicious clouds. Hada is different in length, three or five feet short and one or two feet old. It is said in the second volume of Mongolian chronicles that hada is silk. They may be made of silk, white or blue, of different lengths, about one foot five inches or one foot two inches in length, with two ends drawn, about half an inch in length, depending on the grade of the short-sighted recipient. According to the materials, hada can be divided into three categories: ordinary cotton textiles, called "Suxi", are less than 1 meter long; medium grade silk fabrics, called "Axi", are about 2 meters long; high grade silk fabrics used by senior figures in political and religious circles are the highest grade, called "langcui", which are more than 3 meters long.

type

Generally speaking, there are three kinds of hADAS: nekuhada special, ahihhada first and suhihada second. AHI and sukhihada were divided into upper, middle and lower classes. Some people regard azahada, an imitation of axihada, as a single kind, while others regard soranghada, the inferior product of suxihada, as a single kind. The so-called nekuhada is the special hada from the Royal nekuhada. The hada is wide and long, and of good quality. This kind of hada has a pattern of the Great Wall on its edge and eight auspicious emblems and blessing words on its surface. Hadani madeler is a kind of hidden flower, which is called "turning the sun into auspiciousness". In the past, nekuhada was not available on the market. Corresponding to neikuhada was waikuhada, but later waikuhada was called sukhihada. There are many formats of hada. In general, the commonly used hada in Mongolian daily life are blue and white "sangbei" hada and yellow silk hada. Blue hada is generally used to greet the well-being of the people and to inform the etiquette of holding a banquet. White hada is mostly used for birthday celebrations and high-level large-scale activities, while yellow hada is used for temples

Chinese PinYin : Ha Da