Yongding River

Yongding River

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

to examine

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Yongding River is called Qishui in ancient times, Sanggan River in Sui Dynasty, Lugou River in Jin Dynasty and Wuding River in old times. It is one of the seven water systems in Haihe River Basin and the largest river in Hebei Province. The drainage area is 47016 square kilometers, including 45063 square kilometers in mountainous areas and 1953 square kilometers in plains. The Yongding River is 747 km long and flows through 43 counties and cities in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin. The whole basin covers an area of 47000 square kilometers.

Name evolution

Yongding River, known as water control before the Western Han Dynasty, was called Jishui in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lugou River in the Jin Dynasty, Hunhe River in the Ming Dynasty and Yongding River in 1698. According to Guangxu shuntianfu annals, "Tiaohe starts from jiuhekou of laojuntang, Liangxiang, passes Shilipu in the north of Gu'an, ZHUJIAZHUANG in the southeast of Yongqing, converges with anlancheng River in the East, and goes out of Liucha sanjiaodian in Bazhou, with a length of 145 Li. It reaches Xigu and enters the sea, so it is named" Yongding ".

General situation of main stream

River course

Yongding River is a large tributary of Haihe River system. It is composed of Yanghe River and Sanggan River. Sanggan River is the main source. Sanggan River originates at the northern foot of Guancen mountain in Shanxi Plateau, flows through Datong Basin in the northeast, nahuangshui River, Hunhe River, Yuhe River and erdaohe River, flows into Hebei Province in the northeast, receives Huliu River in qianjiashawa, flows to zhuguantun in the northeast, joins Yanghe River, and then flows into Guanting reservoir.

After the reservoir, it is called Yongding River, and then flows through Sanjiadian to enter the plain, and flows down to Qujiadian to join with the North Canal. In 1970, Yongdingxinhe river was excavated from below Qujiadian, and most of the flood water was directly discharged into the sea from Yongdingxinhe river.

Yongding River is called water control in ancient times. The basin is adjacent to the Chaobai River and the North Canal in the East, the Yellow River Basin in the west, the Daqing River in the South and the inland river in the north. The basin spans Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin and other five provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. The basin covers an area of about 47000 square kilometers, with a length of 515 kilometers and an average width of 91 kilometers. The upper source of Yongding River mainly includes Yanghe River and Sanggan River, which are called Yongding River after confluence in zhuguantun, Huailai County, Hebei Province. From Heyuan to Yongdingxin River, it flows into Bohai Sea in Beitang, Binhai New Area, Tianjin, with a total length of 747 km. The water system is dendritic, with a mountainous area of about 45000 square kilometers. The annual average runoff is 2.029 billion cubic meters, with the maximum of 3.630 billion cubic meters (1956) and the minimum of 1.119 billion cubic meters (1972). It is the river system with the smallest annual runoff change in the middle mountain area of Haihe River system.

The upper reaches of Sanggan River are Yuanzi River and Huihe river. The mainstream Huihe river originates from the watershed village of Guancenshan in Ningwu county and converges near Mayi town. The upper source of Yanghe River is Dongyang River, Xiyang River and Nanyang river. The three rivers join below chaigoupu in Huai'an county. In the south of Zhangjiakou, they join Qingshui River and some mountain streams. After joining Sanggan River in zhuguantun, they are called Yongding River.

The Yongding River below zhuguantun is about 1100 meters wide and flows southeast to Guanting reservoir and naguishui river. The Guanting gorge of Yongding River is about 110 kilometers long, with the narrowest part of 70 meters and the width of 400 meters. After the Yongding River came out of Shijingshan mountain, it entered the pan area at lianggezhuang and reached Huibei canal near Qujiadian. In the pan area, Tiantang River and Longhe River joined. There is a wide gap between the width of the channel below Lugouqiao. The clear width of the channel below Lugouqiao is only 153 meters, 3600 meters near Tiantang River and 520 meters near Jinmen sluice. Therefore, the overflow breach of Yongding River often occurs in the upstream of Jinmen sluice. In 1971, Yongding New River from Qujiadian to Beitang was excavated.

The upper reaches of Yongding River flow through the Loess Plateau, and the sediment content of the river is large, so it is called "Small Yellow River" and "Hunhe River". Because of sediment deposition in the lower reaches of the river, the river above the ground is formed, and the migration is uncertain, so it is called "Wuding River". In the 1950s and 1960s, three large reservoirs, Cetian, Youyi and Guanting, with a total capacity of 2.966 billion cubic meters, were successively built in the upper reaches of the Benhe River, controlling the drainage area of 43402 square kilometers, accounting for 92.3% of the mountainous area

There are Sanggan River and Yanghe River in the upper reaches of Yongding River. Sanggan River originates from Ningwu County, Shanxi Province, passing through Datong and Yangyuan basins and shixialixia. Yanghe River originates from Xinghe County, Inner Mongolia. After the confluence of the two rivers in zhuguantun, Huailai County, it is called Yongding River. After entering Guishui River near Guanting, it enters Guanting Gorge; after entering Sanjiadian gorge, it flows into plain by dike; after entering Yongding River flood area at lianggezhuang, it enters Tiantang River and Longhe River; after flood area storage, it reaches Qujiadian and North Canal; part of flood flows from Beiyun River to Haihe River, and most of flood flows from Yongdingxin River to Beitang river. In order to ensure the safety of Tianjin city, sanjiaodian is designated as the flood storage and detention area in the north and the temporary flood storage and detention area in the West Qilihai.

Channel characteristics

Near zhuguantun, the confluence of Yanghe River and Sanggan River, Yongding River is about 3 km wide and has many sand dunes. Due to the small amount of dry water, the river flows in disorder. Near the confluence point of Guishui River, the width of the river is about 800 meters, and the left bank is 25 meters high. It is a cliff alternating gravel layer and loess layer.

Guanting gorge is 108.7 km long with a longitudinal slope of 1 / 320. At the entrance of the gorge, the river is 100-300 meters wide. The two rocks are limestone cliffs about 20-60 meters high. Between them, there are high mountains and curving water. There are more than 10 streams on the left and right banks.

On both sides of Qingbaikou section are vertical cliff canyons 40-80 meters high. Between the prince's tomb and Anjiazhuang, the river is 200-300 meters wide and the gravel in the riverbed forms a shoal. In the vicinity of qingshuijian, the river turns eastward along the cliff, with a width of 100-200 meters, about 300 meters near Junzhuang, and gradually increasing to 700-800 meters at Sanjiadian. The section from Sanjiadian to Lugouqiao is about 17 km long, with a longitudinal slope of 1 / 450 and a width of 250-300 M.

The downstream river of Sanjiadian highway bridge is about 500 meters wide. The riverbed is gravel accumulation, and the water flow is divided into two streams. Six kilometers below Sanjiadian, Shijingshan enters the plain, and dikes are built on the left bank from Mayu village; dikes are built on the right bank from yinshanzui, where the two streams converge. The distance between the dikes at the downstream of yinshanzui is about 1000-1500 meters, and it is about 1700 meters to Lugou bridge. The distance between dikes is about 600 meters. The total width of Lugou stone bridge is only 153.16 meters.

The section from Lugouqiao to lianggezhuang is 80 km long. The river course is a river on the ground. The left dike is the main part. The beach is 3-7 meters higher than the ground outside the dike, and the longitudinal slope is 1 / 1000-1 / 2000.

The distance between Laozhuangzi dike under Lugou Bridge and Beitiantang dike is about 1400 meters, 3133 meters, the distance between Lilong dike and Beitiantang dike is narrow to 2000 meters, the distance between geefang dike and yanxianlong dike is increased to 2600 meters, the distance between yanxianlong dike and yanxianlong dike is about 3000 meters, the distance between jinmenzha dike and Beitiantang dike is 532 meters, the distance between Shilipu dike and xiaoguolin dike is 1300 meters, and the distance to lianggezhuangkou gate. The dike is sandy soil, and the river is mostly sandy soil. The main road is unstable. There are more than 20 main dangerous works on both sides of the river. Before the founding of the people's Republic of China, fascine revetment was mainly used.

From lianggezhuang to Qujiadian is Yongding River flooding area, 75 km long, 1.2-16 km wide, 1 / 2500-1 / 10000 longitudinal slope, covering an area of 460 square kilometers. It spans Daxing, Yongqing, anci, Wuqing and the suburbs of Tianjin. There are North dike and South dike in the flooding area. Due to the uncertain migration of the river channel, farmers spontaneously built temporary wheat protection dams on both sides of the low water river channel in order to maintain production and life.

River course changes

Yongding River is a good channel for migration, siltation and resolution. "Outline of waterways" states that "since the yuan and Ming Dynasties, there has been no great change in Yongding River before the Yuan Dynasty. In the old Yongding River, the water was divided and the silt accumulated in irrigated paddy fields." if the abandoned paddy fields were land, the floods would be high and the dikes would be prosperous, and the floods would be more and more frequent. The floods would flow from the north to the south, and from the north to the north, and there would be no peace. "

In 1406, when the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing, the Yongding River, like the Yuan Dynasty, was divided into two branches below the Lugou bridge. One reached Tongzhou and entered Baihe River, the other reached Bazhou and joined Yishui (now Daqing River) in the south. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the Yongding river changed its course to the southwest and entered Bazhou through Gu'an, Xincheng and Xiongxian, seizing the channel of Baigou river. It is recorded in the fifth canal of Ming history that the lower reaches of the river swing between the new city and Yongqing, and "the impact oscillation and migration are very serious, especially in the area from Shijingshan to Lugouqiao, once the breach occurs, the capital will bear the brunt". The lower reaches of the Yongding River swing nearly 100 Li and flood nearly 200 Li.

In the 37th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1698), the route was changed artificially. According to Guangxu shuntianfu annals, "Tiaohe starts from jiuhekou of laojuntang, Liangxiang, passes Shilipu in the north of Gu'an, ZHUJIAZHUANG in the southeast of Yongqing, converges with anlancheng River in the East, and goes out of Liucha sanjiaodian in Bazhou, with a length of 145 Li. It reaches Xigu and enters the sea, so it is named" Yongding ". After the artificial diversion, the Yongding River was forced to flow eastward, converged at Lancheng River (northeast of Xin'an Town, now Ba County) through Yongqing, and then passed through sanjiaodian to Xigu and into the North Canal.

After lianggezhuang burst on February 26, 1939, the Yongding river changed its course, and the river flowed down from the North Bank of sanjiaodian and between the Beijing Tianjin railway and the embankment. In the autumn of that year, it was blocked and then washed away. The Yongding river flowed eastward from lianggezhuang, and the original river channel was abandoned.

hydrographic features

Yongding River is one of the most serious floods in Haihe River system. From the Jin Dynasty

Chinese PinYin : Yong Ding He