Longquanfu site in Shangjing, Bohai State

Longquanfu site in Shangjing, Bohai State

Longquanfu site in Shangjing of Bohai State, historically known as "huhancheng", is located in Bohai Town, southwest of Ning'an City, Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province. It is the capital of Bohai State in Tang Dynasty. The ancient city is built on the alluvial plain of Tokyo City basin, near Jingpo Lake area in the south, beside Mudanjiang River in the West and North, and Malian River flowing into Mudanjiang River in the East

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In the first year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty (713), dazorong was conferred the title of Zuo Xiaowei's general and Bohai's Prince. In March of 719, Da zuorong died. In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), the Bohai kings moved from Xiande mansion in Zhongjing (helongshi, Jilin Province) to Longquan mansion in Shangjing (the site of Longquan mansion in Shangjing, Bohai State). The first and second generations of Tang Dynasty were granted the title of "Bohai Jun Wang". From the third generation, Tang Dynasty and Jin Dynasty were granted the title of "Bohai king". The official name of Bohai regime is "Bohai State"

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On March 4, 1961, the longquanfu site in Shangjing of Bohai State was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council of the people's Republic of China

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Historical evolution

Aodong city (in Dunhua, Jilin Province), the capital of Bohai Sea, was called "old country" in history. Around the 14th year of Tang Tianbao (755), the third king of Wen, daqinmao, moved the capital from Xiande mansion in Zhongjing (Helong City, Jilin Province) to Beijing

Shangjing Longquan mansion in the North (the site of Shangjing Longquan mansion in Bohai State). More than 30 years later, he moved back to Longquan Prefecture in Tokyo. Between the 10th and 11th years of Zhenyuan (794-795), dahuayu, the fifth king, moved his capital back to Longquan mansion from Tokyo. From then on, Longquan house in Shangjing was the capital until the Bohai Sea was destroyed. Longquan mansion in Shangjing was the capital twice, which lasted for more than 160 years

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In 1871, the British investigated the site of longquanfu in Shangjing of Bohai State and introduced it to the western world

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In 1910, Japanese scholar bainiakuji investigated the site of longquanfu in Shangjing, Bohai State. Since then, sanshangcinan, Jujing, AI and shuinoqingyi have also inspected the city

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In 1926, yoshiichi ornayama of Imperial University of Tokyo, Japan, and B.B. agnosov of Russia collected various kinds of tiles and clay statues of Buddha at the site of Longquan mansion in Shangjing, Bohai State, and concluded that they were the ancient city of Longquan mansion in Shangjing, Bohai State in Tang Dynasty

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In 1931, the Institute of cultural relics of Dongsheng Special Economic Zone made the first comprehensive investigation on the site of longquanfu in Shangjing, Bohai State.

From 1933 to 1934, in the name of East Asian Archaeology Society, Harada Shuren, Archaeology Research Office, literature department, Imperial University of Tokyo, investigated and mapped the site of longquanfu in Shangjing, Bohai State, and excavated the city walls, palaces, temples and other important sites

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In 1959, Heilongjiang Provincial Museum discovered the Niuchang site, a cultural relic of the early iron age, at the longquanfu site in Shangjing, Bohai State

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In 1964, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences excavated and cleaned up the longquanfu site in Shangjing, Bohai State

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In the 1980s, the archaeological team of Heilongjiang Province excavated and cleaned up the longquanfu site in Shangjing, Bohai State

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In the 1990s, the archaeological team of Heilongjiang Province systematically excavated the architectural remains of Shangjing site under the control of the principle of "protection planning of Shangjing Longquan site of Bohai State" and combined with rescue and protection

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In 1997, Heilongjiang Provincial Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology and Mudanjiang cultural relics management station jointly drilled and cleaned up No.11 street and road, the south section of Inner City Dongyuan in longquanfu site of Shangjing, Bohai State, and excavated the south section of Yuhuayuan east wall and No.11 Gate site of Outer City Beiyuan. At the same time, the relic letter buried in Baimiaozi village on the west side of Shangjing palace city was cleaned up

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In 1998, Heilongjiang Provincial Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology and Mudanjiang cultural relics management station jointly excavated the north gate of the outer city of longquanfu site in Shangjing, Bohai State

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In 1999, Heilongjiang Provincial Institute of cultural relics and archaeology, Department of Archaeology of Jilin University and Mudanjiang cultural relics management station jointly excavated the base site of the second palace of longquanfu site in Shangjing, Bohai State

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In 2000, Heilongjiang Provincial Institute of cultural relics and archaeology, Department of Archaeology of Jilin University and Mudanjiang cultural relics management station jointly excavated the base site of the third palace of longquanfu site in Shangjing, Bohai State

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Site features

Scale layout

The longquanfu site in Shangjing of Bohai State was built in imitation of Chang'an city of Tang Dynasty. The whole site is slightly rectangular, consisting of outer city, inner city and palace city (Forbidden City). It is surrounded by a ring and faces south with a total area of 16.4 square kilometers

. In the outer city, the length of the north wall is 5.5 kilometers, and the middle part protrudes northward. The width of the outer part is equal to that of the inner city. The length of the south wall is less than 5 kilometers, and the length of the East and west walls are more than 3.5 kilometers. The perimeter of the whole city is 16.3 kilometers. The average height of the wall is about 2 meters. There are 10 gates in the outer city, 3 in the north and 3 in the south, 2 in the East and 2 in the West. There are 5 streets in the outer city, and one is 88 wide from the South Gate of the inner city to the South Gate of the outer city The five main streets are crisscrossed to form the inner streets of the city. The inner city was the seat of the government offices of the three provinces and six ministries at that time. It was located in the middle of the northern part of the outer city, with a rectangular shape and a circumference of more than 4.5. Only some of the city walls and Forbidden Garden relics were well preserved. Forbidden Garden is commonly known as "Royal Garden". It is in the west of the inner city's east wall and in the east wall of the palace city In the East, the perimeter is about 1.5 kilometers, and the pond remains area is nearly 20000 square meters. It is an artificial lake. There are rockery sites on the East and west sides of the pond. In the north, there are pavilions and pavilions, where the foundation stones are stored. There are many yellow green glazed tiles nearby. Pavilions and pavilions were originally octagonal buildings. The palace city, also known as the "Forbidden City", is rectangular in the north of the inner city, with a perimeter of more than 2.5 kilometers. It is the residence and exercise of the Bohai royal family There are palace walls, palace sites, stone wells (commonly known as Babao glass wells) and so on. The palace walls are made of basalt, with an average height of about 3 meters

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Wufenglou site

Wufenglou, commonly known as wufenglou, is the base of the South Gate of the palace city. The remnant is 6 meters high, 60 meters long from east to west and 20 meters wide from north to south. There are orderly arranged circular foundation stones on it. There is a temporary gate on both sides of the Meridian Gate

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Wuchong Palace

The site of wuchong palace is located in the north of Wumen, which is arranged on a central axis. The first hall is about 200 meters away from the Meridian Gate in the south. The platform base is built with strips of stone, about 2 meters high. On it, there are 40 large round foundation stones arranged in situ. There are also architectural relics on both sides and behind the main hall. There are foundation stones, and the hall has a wide vestibule. 150 meters from the first hall to the north is the second hall, 82 meters from the east to the West and 28 meters from the north to the south. The vestibule of the hall is about one fourth smaller than that of the first hall. 130m to the north of the second hall is the site of the third hall, and the pillars on the base site are well preserved. The third hall is located in the north of the fourth hall, and the hall is better. The pillar stones are arranged in place. Further north is the site of the fifth hall, which is close to the north wall. There are auxiliary halls on both sides of each hall, forming a group of buildings with the main hall. On both sides of the site of wuchongguan hall, there are long corridors (cloisters) and pillar foundation stones leading to the long corridor site on the east side

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Cultural relics

More than 10 ancient temples in Bohai were found in the outer city of longquanfu site in Shangjing, Bohai State. For example, two temple sites in the east of the south of Zhuque Street are found. The temple base is 52 meters long from east to west and 30.7 meters wide from south to north. The foundation stone is neat on the top and the stone is cut around. The remains of bronze Buddha, pottery Buddha and architectural ornaments were unearthed nearby. In Xinglong temple, there is a complete Buddhist stone carving stone lamp building left over from the Bohai Sea period. The whole lamp building is carved from basalt, with a height of 6 meters. It is composed of Tasha, Xianglun, tower cover, tower room, tower room support, lotus flower support, central pillar, lotus seat and tower base. It has eight corners, eight sides and eight windows. The tower room is connected with the tower cover by a bucket arch. The big stone Buddha in the original three holy halls of Xinglong temple is more than Zhang high, wearing cassock and sitting on the lotus stone seat with exquisite carving

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The cultural relics unearthed from the longquanfu site in Shangjing, Bohai State include "Kaiyuan Tongbao" copper coins, bronze mirrors, copper bowls, pottery, iron ware, etc. most of them are made of building materials, and the tiles include large plate tiles, tube tiles, glazed tiles (small ones). There are 6-7 patterns of lotus pattern in tile. The decorative patterns of the bricks include Baoxiang, honeysuckle, Shandan, etc. The glazed tile is mainly green, sometimes yellow; the tail and other ornaments are red, purple, blue and other glaze colors. Most of the Buddhist relics are clay sculptures and bronze statues. Sherihan, discovered in 1975, contains iron, copper, lacquer, silver, etc. At the same time, silk fabrics, pearls and material pearls were unearthed. Among them, the silver box is shaped like a square barrel, about 8.5cm high, with lines engraved with four heavenly kings, auspicious clouds and flames. The silver flat lacquer box (remnant) is decorated with honeysuckle pattern, flower, bud, standing bird and Xiang Fu. There are a large number of stone carvings unearthed, among which the stone lamp building is the most exquisite, about 6 meters high, and its shape is like a tower or a pavilion

. In addition, it was found that the seal of Tianmen army was made of bronze, inlaid with copper pieces, with a flat button, a round hole in the middle and a bridge shape. The seal is 4.3cm in height, 5.25x5.3cm in side length, 1.4cm in thickness and 2.9cm in handle height. The surface of the seal is slightly square. The seal is the seal of Tianmen army in Chinese characters, and the regular script on the back is the seal of Tianmen army. The seal is raised and the strokes are smooth

Chinese PinYin : Bo Hai Guo Shang Jing Long Quan Fu Yi Zhi