Qi Xiashan

Qixia mountain is also known as Sheshan. In the Southern Dynasties, there was a "Qixia jingshe" built in the mountain, so it got its name. Qixia mountain is not as high as Zhongshan Mountain, but it is quiet and beautiful with charming scenery. It is famous as "the first beautiful mountain in Jinling". Especially in the late autumn of Qixia, the maple forest is like fire, and the mountains are all over the world, just like a beautiful picture, known as "the head of spring cattle, Qixia in autumn".

Qixia mountain is famous in the south of the Yangtze River, not only because of a Qixia Temple, but also because of the Southern Dynasty stone thousand Buddha rock and the Sui Dynasty relic tower. It is also because of its deep mountains, lush forests, clear springs and steep rocks.

Mingjing lake is the first scene of Qixia mountain scenic spot. The relic tower can be seen not far east from the mountain road outside the south wall of Qixia Temple. The thousand Buddha rock is in the east of the relic tower and built close to the mountain. The famous "flying east" is in the No.102 Buddhist niche. It is the easternmost "Dunhuang relic" found in China. In the northeast of Qixia Temple, on the south slope of pingshantou, there is a blue limestone with wavy surface, which is called "dielangyan", which is very rare.

Qi Xiashan

Qixia mountain is located in Qixia District of Nanjing city. It was known as "the first Mingxiu mountain in Jinling" in ancient times. In the Southern Dynasties, there was "Qixia jingshe" built in the mountain, so it got its name. It is a national AAAA scenic spot and one of the four major Maple appreciation resorts in China. In history, five kings and fourteen emperors once visited Qixia mountain. Among them, Qianlong visited the south of the Yangtze River six times and stayed in Qixia mountain five times.

Qixia mountain is known as "the famous place of the Six Dynasties". It was listed as one of the "48 Jinling scenic spots" in the Ming Dynasty, and has the reputation of "a Qixia mountain, half of Jinling history". There are more than 80 historical sites, which are a collection of religious culture, imperial culture, green culture, folk culture, geological culture, stone carving culture and tea culture. The ancient Qixia Temple is located in the West foot of Qixia, which is one of the millennium old temples, the ancestral court of the "three schools" of Buddhism, and one of the "four jungles" of Buddhism.

Since the Ming Dynasty, there has been the saying of "spring ox head, autumn Qixia". Qixia Danfeng is one of the 40 scenic spots in the new Jinling. Fengling, on the side of Shanxi Province, has a lot of maple trees. It is the main attraction of Qixia mountain and one of the four major scenic spots in China. There are many kinds of red leaves in Qixia, especially Liquidambar formosana, including red maple, chicken claw maple, triangle maple, feather maple, beech, Pistacia chinensis, etc. in late autumn, the mountains are full of red, just like sunset, which is magnificent.

Qixia mountain has three peaks, surrounded by mountains on three sides, facing the Yangtze River in the north, with three peaks. The main peak, sanmaogong, is also known as Fengxiang peak, with an altitude of 286 meters. There are Longshan in the northeast and Hushan in the northwest. The geological connotation of Qixia mountain is very rich, and there are many paleontological fossils. It is the naming place of many geological names. Experts call it "natural geological museum" and "geological textbook".

geographical environment

Location context

Qixia mountain is located in the north central part of Qixia District, Nanjing city. There are three peaks in Qixia mountain. The main peak, Sanmao peak, is 286 meters above sea level, also known as Fengxiang peak. The northeast mountain is Longshan, and the Northwest Mountain is Hushan, covering a total area of 1019 hectares. The geographical coordinates are around 32 ° N and 119 ° E.

topographic features

Qixia mountain is the North Branch of Maoshan mountain wedging into Nanjing area. Qixia mountain is composed of three mountains from south to north, jingjinggang in the south, qianfuling in the middle, heishidang, pingshantou and sanmaofeng in the north. Qixia mountain covers an area of about 4 square kilometers. The mountain is mainly composed of limestone and sandstone, and the northern foot is distributed by banded granite.

Qixia mountain is composed of three mountains and two streams. Zhongfeng (the main peak) is the highest, cone-shaped, 284.7 meters above sea level, known as Fengxiang peak. Because there was a temple in Sanmao palace in ancient times, it is also known as Sanmao peak. Zhongfeng stretches to the East, and a vein meanders down, which is called Dongfeng. It is shaped like Wolong and is named Longshan. On the west side of the peak, the ridge is shaped like a tiger, which is called Hushan. The valley between Zhongfeng and Dongfeng is called Zhongfeng stream, and the valley between Zhongfeng and Xifeng is called Taohua stream.

climate

Qixia mountain belongs to the transition zone from the north subtropical zone to the warm temperate zone. The annual average sunshine is 1628.8 hours, the average temperature is 19.6 ℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 38.8 ℃, the extreme minimum temperature is - 3.7 ℃; the annual average precipitation is 1530.1 mm, the annual maximum precipitation is 2371.4 mm, the minimum precipitation is 1091 mm; the frost free period is 322 days.

Resources

plant resources

As of 2012, there are more than ten kinds of Red Leaf Varieties in Qixia mountain, mainly including red maple, Liquidambar formosana, Acer deltoides, Pistacia chinensis, beech, Sapium sebiferum, Rhus chinensis, Acer henryi, etc. among them, there are more than 500 maple trees with more than 100 years old, and more than 500000 color leaf trees.

There are 589 species of vascular plants (including cultivated species) and 500 species of wild plants (including subspecies), belonging to 342 genera and 108 families. Among them, there are 19 species of pteridophytes, 14 genera and 11 families; 4 species of gymnosperms, 4 genera and 3 families; 477 species of angiosperms, 324 genera and 94 families. Six new record species (including varieties) were found in Jiangsu Province, including centipede, Ophiopogon japonicus, okra sagittatum, Roegneria, Humulus scandens and Solidago Xingan.

There are 235 kinds of medicinal plants, which can be divided into mountain grass, fragrant grass, wet grass, poisonous grass, vine grass and stone grass, accounting for 47.09% of the total plants in Qixia mountain.

8 species of 8 genera are rare plants. Among them, there are 3 wild species belonging to 3 genera, namely wild soybean, Bambusa breviflora and Codonopsis pilosula; 5 cultivated species belonging to 5 genera, namely Ginkgo biloba, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Eucommia ulmoides and Liriodendron.

Animal resources

According to the zoogeographical division of China, the fauna of Qixia District belongs to the Oriental, Sino Indian, central China, Eastern hilly and plain subregion. In terms of ecogeographical fauna, it belongs to the subtropical forest shrub, grassland farmland fauna. Swertia sinensis was the dominant species of ungulates in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Alligator, Baiji dolphin, finless porpoise, Chinese sturgeon and other endemic animals are rare.

mineral resources

As of 2012, Qixiashan is rich in lead, zinc, silver, limestone and other mineral resources. Lead, zinc, silver and other minerals have been mined for many years, of which the lead-zinc metal is more than 2 million tons, which is the largest lead deposit in East China.

Non metallic minerals mainly include dolomite, limestone, gypsum, clay, gangue and coal mines; metallic minerals are widely distributed, mainly including lead-zinc, silver, gold and manganese.

Historical evolution

Qixia mountain has been a Buddhist holy land since the Southern Dynasties, and Qixia Temple is the first of all temples. "Qixia Temple building record" says: "Jinling is named Lansan, Niushou is named after mountain, Hongji is named after water, and the winner of mountains and rivers is nothing like Qixia." In the past, licorice, wild ginseng, angelica and other health tonic herbs were abundant in the mountains, all of which had the effect of survival, so it was commonly known as Sheshan. Because the whole Sheshan had its own peak, it was shaped like an umbrella, so it was also known as Sheshan.

Emperor Yongle of Ming Dynasty and Emperor Wanli visited this mountain during their southern tour. The local government also built a palace in Zhongfeng, which is a place for Wanli to stay.

In 1634, Ming Dynasty painter Zhang Hong created a picture of Qixia mountain with the title of Qixia mountain, which truly depicts the style of Qixia mountain in Ming Dynasty. The whole picture is magnificent, with Qianfo rock as the main body, spreading a lush forest in depth. The picture of Mount Qixia is the only historical image of Mount Qixia in the Ming Dynasty. It is a national first-class cultural relic and is now stored in the Palace Museum in Taipei.

During the Xianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty (1851-1861), the Qing army and the Taiping army fought fiercely in this area, and the cultural landscape and natural landscape were seriously damaged. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Zongyang was rebuilt.

After 1949, the Nanjing Municipal People's government attached great importance to the development of the scenic resources of Qixia mountain and began to tending and manage the original forest, and planted trees in the woodland, mainly Pinus massoniana, Pinus nigra and Robinia pseudoacacia. During the cultural revolution, tending and afforestation were forced to stop.

In 1956, Qixia mountain was set up as a temple garden, and the Management Office of Qixia mountain was established. Then the temples, pavilions and pavilions were repaired, and the Abbot's courtyard was afforested.

The renovation was completed in 1958 and opened to the outside world.

On July 27, 1963, the Qixia Mountain Management Office signed an agreement with the Qixia Temple. The property right of Qixia mountain belongs to the Qixia mountain management office, and the management office subsidizes the temple 7000 yuan per year. During the cultural revolution, the temple was used as the Fourth Battalion of the East China coal exploration team. The trees stopped planting on the mountain, and the original forest land was lack of tending management, which led to the desolation of the mountain forest and the decadence of temples and pavilions.

In 1972, Jiangsu Provincial People's radio station built FM station on the top of the mountain. The mountain was flattened about 10 meters high.

Since 1978, afforestation has continued every year. In 1979 and 1980, Cotinus coggygria and Acer lobatum were purchased from Qingdao, Beijing and Lushan to self propagate seedlings to increase the variety and quantity of red leaf trees. Dielangyan on the south slope of Hushan mountain is the only bare hillside due to the difficulty in soil and water conservation, and there are no trees planted for many years. The workers adopt the transplanting of Pinus thunbergii seedlings with soil and water to improve the survival rate.

After 1979, Qixia Temple began to be restored. The renovation project was completed in October 1980 and handed over to the Buddhist Association for management.

In 1981, the temple continued to subsidize 7000 yuan a year.

In April 1983, "Qixia Danfeng" was included in the newly evaluated "Jinling 40 sceneries".

On May 21, 1986, the municipal government decided to transfer the 7 hectares scenic area from the gate to the changguanting Pavilion on Qianfo cliff, bounded by the gully on both sides, to the management of Qixia Temple.

Since 1988, pingshantou mine has been reformed

Chinese PinYin : Qi Xia Shan