Confucius Temple

The Confucius Temple in Mount Tai is located in the north of the east end of Mount Tai Tianjie. It was built by Zhu Heng in the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, and the main hall was built in the Wanli period. In front of the temple, there is a stone square named "Wang Wu Sheng Ji", which was rebuilt in 1984. There is also a "Confucius Temple" stone square. There are Mountain Gate, main hall and auxiliary hall in the temple. Confucius is worshipped in the temple and Yanzi, Zengzi, Zisi, Mencius are worshipped. Qing Kangxi 15 years (1676) reconstruction, Qianlong 35 years (1770), grant amount "because of high Yu big". The East Hall of the temple is "praying hall", and the west is "God of wealth hall".

There are several couplets in the Confucius Temple, which show the respect for Confucius.

On the couplets on both sides of the temple gate, Xu zonggan, a man of the Qing Dynasty, wrote a couplet: "it can be said that the height of the mountain is higher than the height of the mountain, and the strength of the mountain is stronger than the height of the mountain; it is beyond the category, and it is best if it is natural.".

On the screen wall inside the gate, there is a couplet: "climb Mount Tai and grow up in the world, and dethrone the Baishi to study the six classics.". The inscription on the statue of Confucius in the temple is: "the only one who dares to be worthy of Mount Tai is the only one who dares to be worthy of Mount Tai, and Confucius and mounds are holy. There are thousands of sceneries looking forward to each other.".

The couplet in front of the hall: "Li Shi Shi Shu worships the Dharma of a hundred kings, benevolence, righteousness, faithfulness, sets up the principles of all ages, and horizontally criticizes the model of all ages.".

The couplet in front of the praying hall is: "Confucius in Mount Tai, Mount Tai among Confucius people" (chanting Confucius Temple by Yan Yunxiao in Ming Dynasty).

Confucius Temple

Confucius Temple, also known as composition temple, is a temple building commemorating Confucius, a great thinker and educator of China. There are Confucian temples in traditional Chinese cities. In the change of dynasties, it is also known as composition temple, Confucius Temple, Zhisheng temple, Xianshi temple, Xiansheng temple and wenxuanwang temple, especially the Confucian temple. Among them, Nanjing Confucius Temple, Qufu Confucius Temple, Beijing Confucius Temple and Jilin Confucian temple are known as China's four major Confucian temples.

There are more than 2000 Confucius temples in China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, the United States and other countries, of which there are more than 1600 in China, while only more than 300 are well preserved in China, and 21 are listed as key cultural relics under state protection.

Historical origin

Because of the important role of Confucianism in maintaining culture, Confucius Temple was valued by ancient emperors. Its quantity, high regulation, and exquisite architectural technology and art are the most prominent types of ancient architecture in China, which is an extremely important part of China's ancient cultural heritage.

The following overview of Confucius Temple is quoted from the chapter of Confucius Temple in Wang Aijun's literature of Junyou Association. Confucius Temple, the temple offering sacrifices to Confucius, is called Confucius Temple or Confucius Temple, also known as Xiansheng temple, xuanni temple, Xuansheng temple, Wenxuan Wang Temple, Shengmiao, Shengtang, Confucian temple, Dacheng hall, etc.

Related allusions

Confucius died in 479 B.C. in the 16th year of Duke AI of Lu Dynasty. The following year, Duke AI set up a temple in Confucius' old house to guard the tombs. This is the beginning of Confucius' temple and the origin of today's Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province. According to the book of rites, "every scholar who starts to establish himself must lay his foundation on the sages and teachers."

Before the Tang Dynasty, the so-called sage refers to the Duke of Zhou or Confucius; after the Tang Dynasty, it specifically refers to Confucius, so Confucius Temple is also known as the sage temple. During the reign of emperor Hanping, Confucius was named xuanni Gong, so the Confucius Temple was also called xuanni temple. After Nanliang, it was also called Xuansheng temple. In the time of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, his posthumous title was king Wenxuan, also known as the temple of King Wenxuan. After Yongle in Ming Dynasty, it was also called Confucian temple. In the third year of the Republic of China, it was renamed Confucius Temple.

Rising period

It can be seen from the historical records that the Confucius Temple in Qufu had some relics such as Confucius' clothes, Qin, Che and Shu, which were managed by officials during the reign of emperor Huan of the later Han Dynasty. Since then, it has been repaired and expanded in successive dynasties. By the time of emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, there were 360. Most of the Confucius temples we see today are buildings built during the reign of Yongzheng. They are 150 meters from east to west and 630 meters from north to south. They are the largest temple buildings in China. Its scale includes Dacheng hall, apricot altar, bedchamber, Shengji hall, Houtu temple, shenpao, burial place, Shenchu, Chongsheng temple, family temple, poetry hall, Qisheng temple, Jinsi hall, musical instrument library, kuiwenge, dongxizhifang, zhaisuo, bishuiqiao, Yanggao gate, Lingxing gate, etc.

Confucius Temple was built in the central government school at the time of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Before that, such as before the Han Dynasty, Confucius was not worshipped out of the palace. After the Han Dynasty, although the ceremony of Confucius was held in Taixue, there was no temple building. The construction of Confucius Temple in the local official school began in the period of emperor Wenxuan of the Northern Qi Dynasty. However, from the central government to the local government, it was not until Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty that Confucian temples were built.

Cultural symbol

Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty made several important contributions to the Confucius Temple system in the official school: first, he established Confucius as the sage; second, he established the system of worship. Before that, if Confucius was the sage, only Yan Yuan was the teacher; after Emperor Taizong, he chose 22 Confucians below Zuo Qiuming to worship in the Temple Court. In the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, the number of worshippers increased to ten philosophers, seventy-two sons and twenty-one sages. From the Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the sacrificial rites were divided into four categories: coordination, philosophy, sages and Confucianists; the number of people below philosophy increased with the times, and they were divided into the East and the West. Since the Tang Dynasty, the system of worshiping Confucius Temple has become the highest honor for scholars. According to the Qing Dynasty's regulations, the standard of sacrificial rites is: "to clarify the sacred learning and teach the orthodoxy." This is a very important characteristic of traditional Chinese culture.

Religious significance

Since the Tang Dynasty, apart from the Confucius Temple in Qufu, the Confucius Temple has not only become an integral part of the school, but also the center of the school; the ceremony of Shi Dien is a national ceremony, which belongs to the worship; the status of teachers is sanctified through the Confucius Temple system; and the educational ideal is embodied through the Confucius Temple system.

Therefore, the educational significance of Confucius Temple is more important than the political or religious significance. The architecture of Confucius Temple in the school belongs to the palace style, with the temple facing south, which basically imitates the Confucius Temple in Qufu, and can be divided into two types: the southern style architecture, which is mainly made of wood, has complex decoration, and the two ends of the roof are tilted; the Northern style architecture is relatively simple, with horizontal roof and few changes in Dougong. The main buildings include Dacheng hall, Chongsheng temple, dongxiwei, Minglun hall, Lingxing gate, panchi, etc.

This kind of Confucian temple system also affected the East Asian countries, forming "East Asian World: one of the most important characteristics.". Today's Confucius temples in Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other places are the remnants of the official schools of the past.

Structure and etiquette

In the long history, Confucian temples at all levels are gradually divided into ritual temples and non ritual temples. All the Confucian temples listed in the national ceremonies are ritual temples. The family temples of Confucius' descendants, memorial temples built in places where Confucius lived, and sacrificial temples in academies are non ritual temples.

The so-called ritual temple is advocated and implemented by the national power. Its architectural mode, volume, color, sacrificial content, level and so on must follow the norms and guidelines recognized by the state.

In the series of Confucian temples, Taixue national temple and Qufu ancestral temple are at the highest level, and the Temple School of Fu is higher than that of Xian. However, both of them are Confucian temples. Regardless of their level, their spirit is the same. They generally follow a set of common principles in architectural composition and sacrificial activities

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Architecturally, most of the Confucius temples have Lingxing gate, panchi, Dacheng gate, Dacheng hall, Dongxi veranda, Zunjing Pavilion, Minglun hall, Jingyi Pavilion, Chongsheng temple, Xiangxian temple and Minghuan temple. The architectural layout is clear-cut and symmetrical.

Educational significance

From the perspective of sacrifice, besides Confucius, there are four temples, twelve philosophers, ancient sages and Confucians, and local officials.

However, after the Tang and Song Dynasties, a set of sacrificial rites "Shi dieli" was gradually formed. "Shidien" is also called "Dingji". This kind of ceremony is scheduled to be held on Dingri in Zhongyue (February, may, August and November) every quarter. At that time, all the sages and great Confucians of the past dynasties worshipped in the Confucius Temple will be sacrificed together with Confucius.

It is said that the people you admire can be found in the Confucius Temple.

Here are some people's names that you may not have heard of, and some people's names are very popular, but in any case, they get eternal life in this holy land and in the hearts of the Confucians. The worshippers in the East and West verandas on both sides of Dacheng hall have lived through more than 2500 years, and they have used their lives to interpret the true meaning of benevolence.

Therefore, they will always be together with Confucius, the most sage and forerunner, and will be appreciated and sacrificed by later Confucians. Now we will look at these taboos together.

In order to embody the Confucian spirit of filial piety and glory, the parents and ancestors of prominent sages will also be worshipped. Based on the principle of elders first, they will also sacrifice their parents and ancestors before sacrifice.

Chongsheng Temple

The Chongsheng temple is dedicated to Confucius' ancestors of Five Dynasties

Zhaosheng king mujinfu

King Yusheng prays for his father

Yisheng Wang Fangshu

Boxiajun, king of Changsheng

Wang Shulianghe, the king of Qisheng (he was granted the title of Duke of Qi in the first year of song Dazhong Xiangfu and built a special temple in Qufu Confucius Temple. He was granted the title of King Qisheng in the first year of Yuan Zhishun (1330). He was renamed as Lord Qisheng in the Ming Dynasty. He was worshipped in schools all over the country in the ninth year of Jiajing, and was re granted the title of King Qisheng in the year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty.)

In 1723, Emperor Shizong granted Confucius the title of the king of the last five dynasties, and ordered the Qisheng temple to be renamed Chongsheng temple.

Because of the nature of family temple, the Confucius Temple in Qufu has a Qisheng temple and a sleeping hall, so the family temple on the East Road of the Confucius Temple was changed into a Chongsheng temple to worship the five generations of Confucius, and the original Qisheng temple was moved into the Chongsheng temple to worship the sages and scholars.

The center of Chongsheng temple is dedicated to Wang mujin, the fifth generation ancestor of Confucius. On the east side, it is consecrated to Yu Shengwang Qifu, Gaozu, and Boxia, Changsheng Wang. On the west side, it is consecrated to Zeng Zuyi

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