Songhua Lake

Songhua Lake is an artificial lake formed by damming Fengman Hydropower Station on Songhua River in 1937. Songhua Lake has a vast water area and many forks, like a dragon. Songhua Lake scenic spot has 10 independent scenic spots. Fengman dam is divided into East and West banks. Various sanatoriums have been built, which are called sanatorium scenic spot. From Fengman wharf of Songhua Lake to the lake area, there are camel peak, Fengwu lake, Wuhu Island, wolongtan, shilongbi, Motianling, ehe island and other tourist areas. The scenery here is different in four seasons. In spring, the trees are verdant and full of vitality. In summer, the trees are green and the flowers are fragrant. In autumn, the mountains are covered with red leaves. In winter, the trees are covered with silver and the flowers are jade.

fengman hydropower station

synonym

Songhua Lake (artificial lake on the main stream of Songhua River) generally refers to Fengman Hydropower Station

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

to examine

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Fengman Hydropower Station is located on the Songhua River in Jilin City, Jilin Province. It was started in 1937 when Japan occupied Northeast China. It was the largest hydropower station in Asia at that time. The Songhua River, which originated in Tianchi of Changbai Mountain, is extremely rich in hydraulic resources, which Japanese invaders coveted. In 1937, the headquarters of the Japanese Kwantung Army instructed the local government twice to build a 180 thousand kilowatt Fengman Hydropower Station on the Songhua River in five years. The director of the puppet Manchukuo Electric Construction Bureau, benjian Dexiong, made a plan for the construction of Fengman Hydropower Station. The dam impounded in 1942, and the first unit was put into operation on may 291943.

On December 12, 2018, the old dam of Fengman Hydropower Station, which has been in operation for 80 years, ended its historical mission

. At 11:16 on May 20, 2019, the original dam of Fengman Hydropower Station was blasted on time.

Brief introduction of dam

Fengman Power Plant was designed by sun Jichao, the former commander-in-chief of power dispatching in the three eastern provinces

In 1937, when the Japanese occupied the northeast, the construction began. When the Japanese retreated in 1945, 89% of the civil works and half of the installation works were completed. The original plan is to install 8 sets of 70000 KVA each, and 2 sets of 1500 KVA each, with a total installed capacity of 563000 KVA; there are 2 penstocks left, which can be expanded to install 2 units. Power generation began in 1943. By 1944, four large units and two small units had been installed. The other two large units were under installation, and some equipment of the other two large units had arrived. Among them, the turbines of three large units and two small units are supplied by Swiss elsevis company and equipped with the generator of Westinghouse Electric Company of the United States; the turbines of the other three large units are supplied by Voith company of Germany and equipped with the generator of General Electric Company of Germany; and the two large units are manufactured by imitating Hitachi of Japan. When Japan surrendered, it was taken over by the Red Army of the Soviet Union and several units were removed. Later, when China took over, there were two large units and two small units left, totaling 143000 KVA, equivalent to 142500 kW.

Dam scale

One unit of Fengman Hydropower Station often generates electricity to bear the base load, which can maintain a certain basic flow of Songhua River flowing to the West and meet the shipping requirements. Other units can be used for peak load regulation. In order to ensure the safety of the dam, a flood discharge tunnel with a diameter of 9.2 meters and a length of 683 meters was excavated on the bank. The entrance of the tunnel is 39 meters below the normal high water level in the reservoir area. Underwater rock plug blasting is adopted. The solid volume of rock plug is 3794 cubic meters, and the blasting is successful in one time. With the completion of the reservoir of Baishan hydropower station in the upper reaches, the runoff regulation capacity has been improved, and the peak regulation requirements in the system are more and more. The two steel pipes originally reserved for Fengman Hydropower Station are ready to be installed with two 85000 kW units each, increasing the installed capacity by 170000 kW. In addition, the flood discharge cavern will be used to expand two sets of 100000 kW each, and the installed capacity will be increased by 200000 kW. The total installed capacity can reach 924000 kW.

Fengman dam, 80.5m high, is a gravity dam with 1.94 million cubic meters of concrete. When Japan retreated, the dam had not been completed, some dam sections had not been poured according to the design section, and the dam foundation faults had not been treated, the quality of the poured concrete was very poor, the water leakage in the gallery was serious, and the dam surface was corroded into honeycomb by freeze-thaw. Dam safety is in danger. The total storage capacity of Fengman reservoir is 8.11 billion cubic meters below the normal water level of 261 meters. The dead storage capacity below 242m dead water level is 2.76 billion cubic meters. The effective regulation capacity is 5.35 billion cubic meters, equivalent to 39% of the average annual water volume of 13.6 billion cubic meters at the dam site. The design flood level is 266m and the check flood level is 266.5m, i.e. the dam crest elevation.

There is also a wave wall 2.2 meters high above the dam crest. From the normal water level to the check flood level, there is a flood control storage capacity of 2.67 billion cubic meters, with a total storage capacity of 10.78 billion cubic meters.

Flood control function

In 1964, the Songhua River was flooded once in a hundred years. Fengman reservoir should be used to stop the flood and reduce the flood disaster in the lower reaches of the Songhua River. Meanwhile, the dam safety and the dike of Huadian county at the backwater end of the reservoir should be ensured. The highest water level of the reservoir reached 263.5 meters, 2.5 meters higher than the normal water level big flood. The newly strengthened dam has passed the test and played a significant role in flood control.

Historical evolution

On August 15, 1945, Japan announced its unconditional surrender. At this time, Fengman Power Plant has not yet been completed, with a total investment of 237 million yen. The installation of power plant units has completed 50% of the first phase of the project and 87% of the total quantities.

On August 20, the Soviet army entered Fengman and withdrew on April 11 of the following year. However, in the name of loot, they forcibly transported the main parts of units 2 and 7 that had been put into operation, units 3 and 8 that were being installed, and units 5 and 6 that had not yet been installed to the Soviet Union, leaving only two auxiliary units and units 1 and 4 to maintain the minimum power generation demand. Technicians at the time estimated that the equipment was worth as much as $140000 at the time. On February 14, 1950, the Sino Soviet agreement stipulated that the Soviet Union should hand over to China the property obtained from the Japanese in Northeast China, that is, the machinery and equipment of a number of factories and mines, free of charge. But the equipment has not yet been returned.

After the KMT took over in 1946, the original resources committee sent American consultant Kaden and Chinese engineers from the national hydropower engineering office to study the restoration plan. At that time, it was proposed to blast down the overflow weir to reduce the water level of the reservoir to ensure the safety of the dam. However, due to the difficult conditions at that time, the Northeast was soon liberated, and only a small amount of concrete was chiseled off, so it did not continue.

On March 8, 1948, Zheng Dongguo, deputy commander-in-chief of the Kuomintang's northeast suppression campaign, issued Chiang Kai Shek's instructions to the Jilin Garrison who was about to withdraw: "before withdrawing, we must completely blow up the xiaofengman dam and all the equipment of the power plant.". That night, Zhang Wenbin, the shift chief operator, faced with the Kuomintang troops who destroyed the power plant, tactfully ensured that the generator set and penstock were intact. The next day, the suffering power station returned to the people.

After the liberation of Northeast China in 1948, the Soviet Union's Petrograd Hydropower Design Institute was commissioned to design the restoration and expansion project of Fengman Hydropower Station (design No. 366). The existing units are one 60000 kW, two 65000 kW, five 72500 kW and one 1250 kW small unit, with a total installed capacity of 55375 kW. It is equivalent to the total capacity of 639000 KVA, exceeding the 563000 KVA originally designed by Japan. Through 1 to 154 thousand volts and 5 to 220 thousand volts high voltage transmission lines to Jilin, Changchun, Harbin and other places respectively, it is a backbone power station in the Northeast power grid. It not only provides a large quantity of electricity, but also plays an important role in peak load regulation, frequency modulation and spare parts in the system.

In January 2018, Fengman Hydropower Station was included in the list of China's industrial heritage protection (the first batch).

On December 12, 2018, the old dam of Fengman Hydropower Station, which has been in operation for 80 years, ended its historical mission

.

At 11:16 on May 20, 2019, the original dam of Fengman Hydropower Station was blasted on time.

Fengman dam is 1080 meters long. On the left side is the overflow dam section, which is an orifice type overflow weir. The crest elevation of the weir is 252.5 meters, with 11 holes, each 12 meters wide and 6 meters high. The design discharge is 9020 m3 / s, the maximum discharge is 9240 m3 / s, and the differential jump sill is used for energy dissipation. The power house is located on the right side, 189 meters long, 22 meters wide and 38 meters high.

Hard to build

As the saying goes, "Guandong mountain, three treasures, ginseng, mink skin and Wula grass"; "beating the water deer with a stick, ladling the fish with a ladle, and the pheasant flying into the rice pot". After the September 18th Incident, in order to occupy China for a long time, the Japanese aggressors tried to turn Northeast China into a material supply base for their survival and war of aggression through two five-year industrial development plans (from 1937 to 1941, from 1942 to 1946).

The project was completed in April 1937

Chinese PinYin : Song Hua Hu