Songshan Mountain

Songshan Mountain belongs to Funiu Mountain system, which is commonly known as Zhongyue mountain. It lies in the East and West, and stands in the Central Plains. It is the holy land of Quanzhen sect, the mainstream of Taoism in the world.

Around the mountains across Xinmi, Dengfeng, Gongyi, Yanshi, Yichuan and other cities and counties. Songshan is bounded by Shaolin River in the middle, Taishi mountain in the East and Shaoshi mountain in the west, and two high mountains rise and fall on the South Bank of the Yellow River. They are emperors, generals, poets, monks and hermits. There are 72 peaks in Mount Song. Zhongyue temple at the foot of Taishi mountain, built in the Qin Dynasty, is a symbol of Taoism in Songshan. Songyang Academy at the southern foot of Taishi mountain is the symbol of Confucianism in Songshan Mountain and one of the four great academies in ancient China. Shaolin Temple, which is famous for Shaolin martial arts, is the symbol of Songshan Buddhism.

Songshan Mountain

Songshan, known as "Waifang" in ancient times, was called "lofty" and "Chongshan" in Xia and Shang Dynasties, and "Yueshan" in Western Zhou Dynasty. Taking Songshan as the center, zuodai (Mount Tai) and Youhua (Mount Hua), Songshan was named Zhongyue (Mount Song).

Songshan Mountain is located in the west of Henan Province, in the northwest of Dengfeng City, adjacent to the ancient capital Luoyang in the West and Zhengzhou in the East

. It is between 112 ° 56 ′ 07 ″ - 113 ° 11 ′ 32 ″ E and 34 ° 23 ′ 31 ″ - 34 ° 35 ′ 53 ″ n.

The total area of Songshan Mountain is about 450 square kilometers. It is composed of Taishi mountain and Shaoshi mountain, with 72 peaks. The lowest altitude is 350 meters, and the highest altitude is 1512 meters. The main peak, Junji peak, is 1491.7 meters high in Taishi mountain, and the highest peak, liantian peak, is 1512 meters high in Shaoshi mountain. Songshan Mountain overlooks the Yellow River and Luoshui in the north, Yingshui and Jishan in the south, Zhengbian in the East and Luoyang in the West. It is an important barrier to the east of Luoyang, the ancient capital of the thirteen dynasties. It has a profound cultural heritage. It is the birthplace of Chinese Buddhism, the holy land of Taoism and the source of Kung Fu. Songshan was visited by more than 30 emperors and 150 famous scholars. In the book of songs, there is a famous saying that "song is only high, and precipitous to heaven".

Songshan Mountain is an important birthplace of Chinese civilization, as well as a famous scenic spot in China. In February 2004, it was listed as a World Geopark by UNESCO. In March 2007, Songshan was approved as a national AAAAA scenic spot by the National Tourism Administration. In August 2010, located in the hinterland of Songshan Mountain and the surrounding heaven and earth, the historical buildings (Shaolin Temple (often hospitalized, Chuzu nunnery, talin), sanque (taishique, shaoshique, Qimu que), Zhongyue temple, Songyue temple tower, Huishan temple, Songyang academy, and star watching platform) were listed as world cultural heritages.

geographical environment

geographical position

Songshan belongs to Funiu Mountain system, with Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan Province in the East, Luoyang, the ancient capital in the west, the Yellow River in the north and Yingshui in the south. Around the mountains across Xinmi, Dengfeng, Ruzhou, Gongyi, Yanshi, Yichuan and other cities and counties. The geographical coordinates are: 112 ° 56 ′ 07 ″ e to 113 ° 11 ′ 32 ″, 34 ° 23 ′ 31 ″ n to 34 ° 35 ′ 53 ″

.

Climatic characteristics

Songshan has a north temperate monsoon climate with an average annual temperature of 14.3 ℃ and an average precipitation of 640.9 mm. The four seasons are distinct and have their own characteristics. In a year, July is the hottest with an average temperature of 27.3 ℃, and January is the coldest with an average temperature of 0.2 ℃.

The annual average temperature at the foot of Songshan Mountain is 14.3 ℃ and that at the top of Songshan Mountain is 8.5 ℃. The rainfall of last year is 864 mm.

Geological characteristics

The geological structure of Songshan Mountain is famous at home and abroad for its ancient age, complex structure, well-developed strata, good exposure, and various forms of structural traces retained after many tectonic movements. The development and formation of Songshan Mountain is the product of internal and external geological processes in the long geological history (five geological ages: Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic).

The geological structure of Songshan Mountain is mainly composed of folds and a series of anticline syncline dome structures with nearly East-West strike. The fault is mainly NW-SE, which divides the Songshan area into three parts.

The bending of Songshan rocks is called folding. Including syncline and anticline. Under the action of tectonic movement, or under the action of low stress, rocks change the original occurrence of rock strata, not only make the rock strata tilt, but also most of them form various kinds of bending. Fold is the result of plastic deformation of rock strata and one of the basic forms of geological structures widely developed in the crust.

The fault structure with obvious displacement of Songshan block along the fault plane is called fault. The scale of faults varies from large to small, and the depth affected varies from deep to shallow (deep can cut through the lithosphere or crust, shallow can cut through the caprock or only on the surface); the age of formation varies from old to new; some are the result of one tectonic movement, some are the result of multiple tectonic movements; some are inactive, some are still active; the mechanical properties of forming faults are different, either tension or compression or shear Same as.

landforms

Songshan Mountain is a fault block folded mountain composed of pre Sinian ancient schist, gneiss and quartzite, so the mountain is steep and magnificent, forming a distinctive landform of tectonic erosion in low and middle mountain. The topography of Songshan Mountain is complex, including mountains, hills, basins, valleys and plains. The main parts of Mount Song are Taishi and Shaoshi, which are mountainous in appearance.

geology

Songshan area is located in the south margin of North China platform and the southeast of Songji uplift, with clear stratigraphic sequence and well-developed basement and cap rocks.

The basement structure in Songshan area is dominated by folds, followed by faults. The structural line direction is nearly north-south or east-west, and the ne is slightly offset. It is composed of some dense, closed and complex syncline folds, and three groups of east-west, Southeast and near East-West faults generated with folds. The caprock structure is dominated by faults, followed by folds, folding first and then faulting. The direction of tectonic line is close to east-west and overlaps with basement structure orthogonally. The former is the earliest, divided into normal faults, and the latter is the latest. It has been active by stages, and its nature is more complex.

Cause of formation

Internal force action

The internal geological processes (crustal movement, magmatic movement, metamorphism and earthquake) played a decisive role in the formation of Songshan, leaving obvious traces. The crustal movement of Songshan Mountain has passed through Songyang movement, Zhongyue movement, Shaolin movement, Huaiyuan movement, Yanshan movement, Himalayan and neotectonic movement.

The Zhongyue movement formed the rudiment of Songshan Mountain, and the Yanshan movement determined the basic framework of Songshan Mountain, which formed today's Songshan mountain after weathering and denudation. At the end of the Zhongyue movement, magma intruded and metamorphism occurred, which further metamorphosed the formed rocks and formed complex metamorphic rock series.

External force

The Songshan Mountain has undergone weathering, erosion, dissolution, sedimentation, transformation, sliding and collapse. The products of these movements and actions of Mount Song are known by geologists as the "natural geological museum" of "five generations together". Mount Song has a history of 3.5 billion years and has become the oldest mountain in China.

Resource overview

plant resources

In 2012, the vegetation coverage rate of Songshan reached 65%, and there were 147 families, 643 genera and 1540 species of vascular plants in Songshan. Among them, 70 species belong to 36 genera and 21 families of pteridophytes, 10 species belong to 9 genera and 5 families of gymnosperms, and 1460 species belong to 598 genera and 121 families of angiosperms.

The major families with more than 30 species are Compositae (50 genera and 121 species), Gramineae (61 genera and 108 species), Rosaceae (27 genera and 101 species), Leguminosae (28 genera and 72 species), Cruciferae (23 genera and 44 species), Ranunculaceae (11 genera and 38 species), Cyperaceae (9 genera and 36 species), Polygonaceae (4 genera and 34 species), accounting for 40% of the total genera and 42% of the total species in Songshan flora It is the dominant family.

Timber plants: there are 338 species of woody plants, including 141 species of arbors. They are the constructive and dominant species of forest vegetation in mountainous areas, and are also the main resources of timber plants. There are 47 species of Quercus variabilis, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, Platycladus orientalis, Sophora japonica, Pinus tabulaeformis, Koelreuteria, Dalbergia odorifera, Carpinus Carpinus, Zelkova grandis, Sophora japonica, etc.

Wild fruit plants: there are 89 kinds of wild fruit trees. It is mainly distributed in Rosaceae, Fagaceae, Moraceae, viticeae, kiwifruit, persimmon and Elaeagnaceae. Among them, wild hawthorn, Hubei hawthorn, chestnut, Henan Begonia, Prunus humilis, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Rosa rugosa are widely distributed.

Ornamental plants: there are 316 kinds of ornamental plants. There are 43 ornamental ferns, 92 herbaceous flowers, 44 ornamental trees, 98 ornamental shrubs and 39 ornamental vines. There are 165 species with large number and high ornamental value in this area. Such as Rhododendron, mangshanhong, Hubei Begonia, shanjingzi, Henan Begonia, Huangluo, baijuan Mei, Shanmei, zhenzhumei, Sanxie Spiraea, Luoshi, creeping Euonymus, Tianmu Qionghua, Quanxie cuique, Qinling cuique, Huabei Aquilegia, fimbria, lilac, yulinghua, qianqucai, etc.

Starch plants: there are 94 kinds of starch plants. They are mainly distributed in Gramineae, Fagaceae, Polygonaceae, Liliaceae, Araceae and Moraceae. Most plant starches are stored in fruits and seeds, but Polygonum multiflorum, Polygonum multiflorum, Polygonum multiflorum, etc

Chinese PinYin : Song Shan