Shanhaiguan

Shanhaiguan

Shanhaiguan, also known as Yuguan, Yuguan and linlu pass, is located 15 kilometers northeast of Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province. It is one of the Northeast passes of the great wall of Ming Dynasty. Before 1990, it was considered as the starting point of the east end of the great wall of Ming Dynasty. It is known as one of the "three wonders" of the great wall of China (Shanhaiguan in the East, zhenbeitai in the middle, Jiayuguan in the West), "the first pass in the world", "the throat of border county, and the guarantee of the capital" It is well-known all over the world.

In 1381, the Ming dynasty built a city, built a pass and set up a guard. Because it was close to the mountain and the sea, it was named Shanhaiguan. Shanhaiguan city is about 4 kilometers in circumference and connected with the Great Wall. Taking the city as a pass, the city is 14 meters high and 7 meters thick. It has four main gates and a variety of defensive buildings. Including "the first pass in the world" arrow tower, Jingbian tower, muying tower, linlu tower, urn city and 1350 meters of the Ming Dynasty plain Great Wall.

On March 4, 1961, Shanhaiguan, the Great Wall, was announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

In December 1987, the Great Wall was listed as a world cultural heritage.

geographical position

Shanhaiguan is located at the east end of the Ming Great Wall, which is the only place where the Ming Great Wall meets the sea. To the north is the western part of the Liaoxi corridor, where the ancient Jieshi is located. Guancheng is close to Yanshan Mountain in the north and Bohai Sea in the south, so it is called Mingshan customs, where Hebei and Liaoning border.

Historical evolution

Shanhaiguan was called Yuguan, Yuguan, linyuguan and linluguan in ancient times. The ancient Chongqing pass is 20 Li East of Funing County. Chongshan in the north and the sea in the south are only a few miles apart, which is very dangerous. Before 1990, it was considered to be the Northeast starting point of the Ming Great Wall (the starting point of the Ming Great Wall is now found in Hushan Town, Kuandian County, Dandong City, Liaoning Province).

In the third year of kaihuang (583), the city of Yuguan was built.

In 645, Emperor Taizong conquered Koguryo and returned to Chongqing.

During the reign of Liang and Qianhua after the Five Dynasties, Yuguan was taken by Qidan. Xue Juzheng pointed out: "Yuguan has sea on three sides and land in the north. From the north of Yuguan to Jinniukou, the old eight defense soldiers were set up and the soldiers were raised to guard them. Qidan did not dare to enter lightly. And Li Cunxu, king of Jin Dynasty, took Youzhou and made Zhou Dewei a governor. Relying on his courage, Zhou Dewei did not build border facilities, so he lost the Chongqing pass. Khitan ruminated between Yingzhou and Pingzhou, which was a great border trouble. "

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhao Dejun guarded Lulong. Shi Jingtang rebelled in Taiyuan and asked for help in Qidan. Yelu Deguang asked for help. His mother said, "if the Lulong army goes north to Yuguan, it is urgent to return it, Taiyuan can't be saved."

At the end of Xuanhe in Song Dynasty, Yuguan was obtained by Nuzhen.

In 1381, Xu Da, the king of Zhongshan, was ordered to build Yongping and Jieling customs. He led his troops to this place. Taking the ancient Chongqing customs as the main point of control, he moved to build the mountain customs 60 Li East of the ancient Chongqing customs. Because it was close to Yanshan in the North and Bohai Sea in the south, it was named the mountain customs.

The great wall of Shanhaiguan was built in Hongwu, Chenghua, Jiajing, Wanli, Tianqi and Chongzhen dynasties, which consumed a lot of manpower, material and financial resources. It took 263 years to build a military city defense system with seven linked cities and the Great Wall in one line.

At the end of Ming Dynasty, female general Qin Liangyu guarded Shanhaiguan. Li Zicheng and Wu Sangui fought fiercely here.

In 1900, the Allied forces of eight countries invaded Shanhaiguan.

In the summer of 1922, Zhi and Feng warlords fought on the West Bank of Shihe. In the autumn of 1924, they fought again in guanjiafen, Weiyuan city and Jiangnu temple.

In 1933, the Japanese occupied Shanhaiguan.

In September 1945, the Eighth Route Army, Jire Liao army, cooperated with the Soviet Red Army to capture and liberate Shanhaiguan city.

In 1946, the Chinese people's liberation army launched a battle to defend Shanhaiguan. All these wars caused varying degrees of damage to the walls of Shanhaiguan and Dongluo.

In 1958, a 21 meter wide gap was opened on the south wall 260 meters west of the South Gate of Shanhaiguan as a passageway.

In 1961, Shanhaiguan was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

At the end of 1960s and the beginning of 1970s, interconnected air raid shelters were built in the wall, and the wall reflected brick openings.

From 1956 to 1994, the city walls from zhendonglou to weiyuantang and zhendonglou to jingbianlou were restored, including jingbianlou, muyinglou and linlu Lou. The main restoration contents of the city walls were as follows: the blue brick interior wall between jingbianlou and zhendonglou and the rough stone interior wall between zhendonglou and weiyuantang were restored, the crenel wall and Yu wall were restored, and the exterior wall between jingbianlou and linlu Lou was restored The city surface between jingbianlou and zhendonglou was plastered.

To facilitate access to the world's first pass, in 1980, a gap in the city wall was opened 35 meters to Yiguan road in the east of the south gate.

In 1987, in order to coordinate the style of the ancient city, four chuanmen caves were built at the gap. The middle two caves are the same, with the height of 6.8 meters, the width of 6 meters, and the length of 16 meters; the two caves on both sides are the same, with the height of 5.9 meters, the width of 5 meters, and the length of 16 meters.

In 1987, the great wall of China, including Shanhaiguan, was listed on the world cultural heritage list.

In 1985, Shanhaiguan was listed as the top ten scenic spots in China.

In 2000, it was awarded the title of "national civilized scenic spot demonstration spot" by the central civilization office and the National Tourism Administration.

In 2007, it was approved as one of the first batch of national 5A scenic spots by the national quality rating committee of scenic spots.

On October 9, 2015, Shanhaiguan scenic spot was criticized by the National Tourism Administration and its 5A qualification was cancelled.

On November 21, 2018, Shanhaiguan scenic spot was successfully restored as a 5A scenic spot.

Architectural form

The city of Shanhaiguan, about 4 kilometers in circumference, is a small city. The whole city is connected with the Great Wall, with the city as the pass. There are four main gates in the city, and there are a variety of ancient defense buildings. It is a city pass with relatively complete defense system, known as "the first pass in the world". The archery tower, the majestic "first pass in the world", is the main body, supplemented by Jingbian building, linlu building, muying building, Weiyuan hall, Wengcheng, Dongluo City, Great Wall Museum and other great wall buildings.

Main buildings

Guancheng

Shanhaiguan city was built in 1381, the 14th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty. It is the center of Shanhaiguan Great Wall. It is an irregular trapezoid shape. The corner of northwest and southwest is in arc shape, without corner platform. The city wall is 4727 meters long, 14 meters high and 7 meters thick. The east wall is the main line of the Great Wall. There are four gates in the East, West, North and south of Guancheng. The east gate is Zhendong gate, which is the first gate in the world. The west gate is Yingen gate, the south gate is Wangyang gate, and the north gate is Weiyuan gate. Gate towers are built on the four gates. Outside the four gates of Guancheng, there are urn cities with side doors. The southeast corner and northeast corner of the city wall are located in the main line of the Great Wall, with southeast corner platform and northeast corner platform respectively. Turrets are built on the turrets, which are defensive buildings at the corner of Guancheng. Linlu building, muying building and new building are also built on the north and South sides of Zhendong building. In the southeast, northwest and southwest corner of Guancheng, there is a water gate and a moat outside the wall.

city gate

There are four Shanhaiguan Gates: Zhendong gate in the East, Yingen gate in the west, Wangyang gate in the South and Weiyuan gate in the north. The east gate is "the first gate in the world", which is the most complete. There is the world's first gate tower on the gate platform, which is actually the archery tower. The actual measurement shows that the platform is 12 meters high, the tower is 13 meters high, the width from east to west is 10.1 meters, and the length from north to south is 19.7 meters. The first floor is 5.7 meters high and the second floor is 8 meters high. On the top of the building is Xieshan double eaves, with symmetrical ridges on the top, and on the bottom is brick wood structure. On the four corner eaves are decorated with different shapes of ridge animals, which are beautiful and lifelike.

Wengcheng

The four gates of Shanhaiguan city all have an urn outside. At present, only the East Gate urn is left, with a circumference of 318 meters. The gate of the urn opens to the south, forming a right angle with the first gate.

The west wall is 85 meters long, the north wall is 83 meters long, the east wall is 72 meters long, the south wall is 77 meters long and the city is 13 meters high. The wall width of the urn is 15 meters in the West and 9.7 meters in the East.

Dongluo City

The existing Dongluo city is located at the east gate of Guancheng, and the east side is connected with the east wall. The existing wall was built in the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty (1584). The earliest record of Dongluo city is the compilation of Jianzhi Chengchi, the second volume of Yongping Fu Zhi in the 27th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty.

In the 10th year of Wanli, Zhang Jiayin, the governor of Ji, Liao and Baoding military affairs, wrote the story of Luocheng in Shanhaiguan, which clearly described the reason and the beginning time of the construction of Dongluo

According to this record, Dongluo city was under the historical background that the northern defense situation was seriously damaged in the middle of Ming Dynasty, the whole northern defense line moved southward, and Shanhaiguan great wall changed from an important inner town in the early Ming Dynasty to an outer one to resist the enemy. In order to ensure that the main city of Shanhaiguan was not attacked, Wang Shoudao, who was then the general of shanhailu, formed a defensive layout of echoing each other and locking the pass

Chinese PinYin : Shan Hai Guan