Laoshan

Laoshan

Laoshan, located in the east of Qingdao, was also called Laoshan, Laoshan, Aoshan in ancient times. It is the main mountain range of Shandong Peninsula. The highest peak of Laoshan is named Jufeng, also known as laoding. It is located at 36 ° 10 ′ N and 120 ° 37 ′ e, with an altitude of 1132.7 meters and a peak area of about 1.5 square kilometers. It is the main peak of Laoshan. It is the highest peak of China's coastline, known as the "first famous mountain" on the sea. There is an old local saying: "although Mount Tai is high in clouds, it is not as good as Laoshan in the East China Sea."

Laoshan Mountain is high in the East and close to the sea, gentle in the West and rolling in hills, covering an area of 446 square kilometers. With laoding as the center, the mountain ranges extend in all directions, especially in the northwest and southwest directions, forming four branches of Jufeng, sanbiao mountain, Shimen mountain and Wushan mountain. The remnant of Laoshan extends northward along the east coast to the east of Jimo City and to the Jiaozhou Bay in the west, while the remnant of Southwest extends to the urban area of Qingdao, forming more than ten mountain tops and ups and downs of hilly terrain in the urban area.

Overview of mountain system

Laoshan is a part of Jiaodong low mountains and hills, located in the southern part of the Sino Korean ancient land near the shield. The structural system belongs to the second uplift generation of Neocathaysian system.

Since the Sinian Luliang movement, it has become a fold. In the late Yanshanian movement, about 8-129 million years ago, there were lava eruption and granite intrusion, which gradually formed the existing geological profile. In the East, there was granite intrusion to form Laoshan mountain range, in the west, volcanic rocks formed wavy plain, and in the middle, there was Qiuling transition zone and small alluvial plain formed in the lower reaches of mo'an, Baisha, Zhangcun and Taoyuan rivers.

Geological characteristics

Geological formation

The Laoshan massif has become a fold since the Sinian Luliang movement, and this huge granite massif was formed from the Cretaceous. According to the data of the late Yanshanian movement (68 million to 130 million years ago), the hot molten magma upwelling from the deep crust condensed several kilometers below the surface. The rocks are flesh red and white, and the minerals crystallize into grains. It is geologically named "Laoshan granite", but it did not appear on the ground when it was born. Since the Cenozoic, the crust has been uplifted, and the rocks covered by it have been gradually eroded by years of wind, frost, rain, snow and long-term running water. In the middle of the Cenozoic era, it began to present the present outline. The appearance of Laoshan Mountain is at the end of the Quaternary period, that is, in the vicissitudes of the past few million years.

Among the landforms of Laoshan Mountain, the most distinctive are Jianfeng Qianren, towering mountains and all kinds of strange rocks. Laoshan landform can be roughly divided into upper and lower layers according to elevation. The upper layer is a mountain peak with dog teeth crisscross, with an altitude of nearly 1000 meters. They were formed during the last glacial period more than 10000 years ago. The natural environment is very bad. The sea water invaded several times in the Quaternary has retreated to the area near Okinawa. The Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea have become a wasteland, and the climate is dry and cold. At this time, the temperature difference between day and night, winter and summer is very big. Under the action of cold and freezing, the mechanical weathering of granite is very fast, and large pieces of rock break up, forming uneven and towering peaks. The Granite Landforms in the lower layer are mostly formed in the post glacial period of 10000 years. At this time, the return of the sea, chemical weathering dominated, rain and lichen plants involved in this weathering, the texture of granite from the surface to the inside layer by layer stripping, some of the early collapse of huge rock blocks, or the original rock did not move, thus forming a spherical boulder. A number of Xiufeng stones constitute the majestic and peculiar landform of Laoshan.

Geological Composition

The geological structure of the mountain area belongs to fault block uplift. The Mesozoic tectonic line is mainly NNE and NE trending large faults, followed by NW trending ones, and mainly composed of compression and compression torsion faults. There are three types of geological structures in the mountain area: Cathaysian structure. Compression and torsion faults are mostly developed in the eastern mountain area, which control the distribution of Laoshan granite and its dikes. They have multiple activities and large scale. They are generally NE trending, mainly including Qianjin Xiazhuang dazaoyuan fault and Puli Beizhai Fushan fault. The structure of Xinhua Xia system is developed in the East and south of the mountain area, mostly in NE direction and partly in NW direction. It is mainly a compression torsion fault with torsion. It mainly includes the source luoquanjian fault, tiejiazhuang qianbutou fault, gouya kutao zhujiawa fault and Xiahe Hanhe Nanyao fault.

The East-West structure is distributed in the western and northern hills, and the strike is close to east-west. It mostly presents scarp or negative terrain, mainly including tieqishan tuzhai fault, Houjin loujinshi fault, etc. due to the multiple activities of the structure, the surrounding rock joints and fissures are relatively developed.

Major mountains

Laoshan mountain can be divided into four branches according to its natural trend.

Jufeng branch: Laoshan mountain can be divided into four branches according to its natural trend. Jufeng branch includes the main body of Jufeng trunk ridge and the mountains flowing eastward into the Yellow Sea. The highest peak is Jufeng, which is located in the east of the mountain area, with an altitude of 1132.7 meters; sanbiao mountain branch includes the mountains to the west of Shiren River and north of Baisha River, with the main peak of sanbiao mountain, which is located in the northwest of the mountain area, with an altitude of 683 meters; Shimen mountain branch includes the mountains to the south of Baisha River and north of Zhangcun, with the main peak of Shimen mountain, which is located in the west of the mountain area Wushan is located in the southwest of the mountain area, with an altitude of 398.3 meters. The rest of Laoshan extends to Jimo District in the north, Jiaozhou Bay in the West and Qingdao City in the southwest. Jufeng is the main body of Laoshan Mountain, with four branches, including Northeast, East, Southeast, South and West.

Sanbiaoshan branch: sanbiaoshan, commonly known as biaoshan, is a major branch of Laoshan extending to the northwest, which is divided into three branches: Ganji, northeast and southwest.

Shimenshan branch: the branch of Shimenshan is bounded by Chajian, the West Branch of Jufeng, and is divided into North and south branches. Chajian North Branch, northbound to guanlao stone house, and divided into South and north two branches. The South Branch is located in the west of nanjiuhe River, the East and south of zhangcunhe River, namely Wushan branch; the North Branch starts from beijiushui in the East, reaches liushubeibeiliushui in the west, and reaches yukuang for about 10 kilometers. Among them, Jushan is the highest, with Furong peak and hualangzi peak above 600 meters above sea level. Taking yukuang as the boundary, there are three branches to the west, namely the south, the middle and the north.

Wushan branch: Wushan branch is in the southwest of Laoshan District. From guanlaoshiwu to the southwest, there are moshiwu, Songshan, xiaolaoding, Yantai Ding, to the west of Nanjiushui River and to the southeast of Zhangcun River, Ludu mountain, Lianhua Mountain, Pingding Mountain, etc. to the west, there are Wushan mountain and Shilaoren mountain. To the west, there are Fushan mountain. To the North, there are cuobuling mountain, Dashan mountain, Gushan Mountain and Sifangling mountain. To the southwest, there are Zhanshan mountain, Taiping mountain and signal mountain.

Resource overview

soil

The soil forming parent rocks of Laoshan soil are mainly Mesozoic granite acidic rocks and eruptive lava basic rocks, and their parent materials include modern residual sediments, proluvial alluvium, fluvial alluvium and fluvial marine sediments. According to the statistics of Soil Census in 1982, there are three soil types in Laoshan Mountain Area: brown soil, fluvo aquic soil and saline soil, which are divided into seven sub types, 12 soil genera and 26 soil species.

vegetation

Laoshan is located at the end of the subtropical zone, the beginning of the north temperate zone, and close to the Yellow Sea, so the climate is mild and humid, suitable for a variety of plants from north and south to grow or domesticate here. Due to the complex terrain, there are many kinds of plants, such as forest, shrub, grass, Psammophyte, halophyte and agricultural cultivation.

water resource

Laoshan has about 317 million cubic meters of above ground water and 112 million cubic meters of underground water. After deducting 93 million cubic meters of repeated water, the total amount of water resources is about 336 million cubic meters. The surface water is mainly concentrated in the flood season from June to August, with great interannual variation and unbalanced regional distribution. Due to the different topography and hydrogeological conditions in different regions, the types, distribution and movement of groundwater are obviously different. The pore water bearing group of Quaternary loose layer is mainly distributed in the front of the mountain and the shoulder of the river, with abundant water, good water quality and convenient exploitation. The bedrock weathering structure fissure pore water is a famous source of Laoshan mineral water because of the thick local residual layer and the deep gully undercutting.

Mineral resources

There are a lot of granite, a little chalky soil and mica in the Laoshan area, and few other mineral deposits. There are only touchstone, green stone, aragonite and five color stone in Huang Zongchang's Laoshan annals in Ming Dynasty. In Jimo county annals of Qing Dynasty, there are touchstone, Gaoshan stone, green stone, glauconite, wuse stone, tianhengdao stone (inkstone), chisel stone, ink crystal, tea crystal, purple quartz and horseshoe stone.

Biological resources

wild animal

The wild animals in Laoshan mountain area are generally divided into mammals, birds, marine organisms and freshwater fish. According to the records in the history of the Yuan Dynasty, there were tigers in Laoshan in ancient times, which have disappeared.

According to the records of Jimo County in Tongzhi edition of the Qing Dynasty, there were many wolves in Laoshan before the Qing Dynasty, which could be seen in the deep mountains in the daytime. In 1930, the Qingdao municipal government announced that the wild animals allowed to hunt were "wild boar, wolf, rabbit, fox, wild cat, weasel, etc.". After 1949, the main wild animals in Laoshan were foxes, hares, badgers, raccoon dogs and weasels. According to Jimo county annals published by Tongzhi of Qing Dynasty, there are 28 kinds of birds in Laoshan, including crow, warbler, dove, pheasant, wild goose, duck, kite, eagle, bustard, gull, stork, grey crane, swallow, cuckoo, canggeng, pigeon, woodpecker, Hanhao, mandarin duck, magpie, sparrow and quail. In 1930, bird expert Shou Zhenhuang conducted a systematic survey of birds in Laoshan, recording more than 250 species, such as magpie, Finch, swallow and wild goose. In 1983, the management station of Bird Nature Reserve of Laoshan County investigated the bird resources of Laoshan mountain. It was found that there were more than 230 species of birds in Laoshan Mountain, belonging to 10 orders, 30 families and 63 genera, including 86 species of insectivores and 17 species of rodents. According to a survey of 225 bird species in 1984

Chinese PinYin : Lao Shan