FengHao site

FengHao site

FengHao site is located in Chang'an District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. Fengjing, together with Haojing, is called "FengHao". It is the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty. It is the earliest city called "Jing" in history and the earliest city in China. As the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it has been used for nearly 300 years, also known as Zongzhou. It is located in Chang'an District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province.

After King Wen of Zhou destroyed Chong (located in Guanzhong, Shaanxi), he built Fengjing (now southwest of Xi'an) on the West Bank of fengshui, and moved the capital from Qizhou to Fengjing. When King Wu of Zhou established Haojing on the East Bank of fengshui, which is recorded in the book of songs · Daya · King Wen's voice: "King kaobuwei, the house is Haojing.". Fengjing is the location of the ancestral temple and garden. It is the residence and administration center of the king of Zhou.

FengHao is the first city with large scale and neat layout in Chinese history, which creates a precedent of square, smooth and grand urban layout in China, constructs the general regulation of urban layout in China, and becomes a model of urban overall layout later

. It is the birthplace of Zhouli.

FengHao site is located on both sides of Fenghe River in Mawang town and Doumen Town, Chang'an District, Xi'an city. FengHao site is located in the west of the river, and FengHao site is located in the east of the river. Archaeology has basically determined the city site and site area of FengHao. Through the accurate positioning of multiple disciplines, it is determined that the site area of FengHao two capitals is nearly 17 square kilometers, which is a huge capital site.

Historical evolution

FengHao site, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, is located on both sides of the Fenghe River in Chang'an County, Shaanxi Province. Fengjing is in the West and Haojing is in the East, with a total area of about 17 square kilometers. FengHao has been the political, economic and cultural center of the Western Zhou Dynasty for 350 years, from the 12th century BC when King Wen of the Zhou dynasty built Fengyi and King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty made Haojing to 770 BC when Hourong conquered it and the Western Zhou Dynasty perished.

The field archaeological work in FengHao area began in the 1930s. In 1933, an archaeological investigation team led by Xu Xusheng and Su Bingqi from the history society of Peking Research Institute first investigated the FengHao site.

In 1943, Shi zhangru and others from the Institute of history and language, Academia Sinica conducted a second survey of FengHao site.

On April 15, 1951, the Shaanxi Provincial investigation and excavation team of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, led by Su Bingqi, set out from Beijing to Shaanxi, opening the prelude to the official excavation of FengHao site.

From 1977 to 1984, Fengxi team of Institute of archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences excavated four rammed earth building sites in keshengzhuang, Chang'an District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. Ten rammed earth building sites were also explored around them. One of them is the largest, larger than the fengxiaojia formation site and zhaochen No.3 building site excavated in Zhouyuan, with a total area of 182698 square meters. In addition, drainage facilities were found near site 4.

From 1983 to 1984, the archaeological team discovered more than 10 building sites of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the brick factories of Guanzhuang village, Doumen Town, Xiaquan village and hualouzi in the site of Haojing. Among them, the building site of No. 5 palace in hualouzi is large-scale and well arranged. In 1992, the pottery kiln of the Western Zhou Dynasty was discovered in Mawang village, Fengxi. Handicraft workshop is an integral part of the city site, which is of great significance to understand the whole picture of Fengxi site.

From March to may, 1997, FengHao site was excavated in order to cooperate with the project of "the chronology of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties and the research on the time of King Wu cutting Zhou". This excavation covers an area of 120 square meters, including 17 tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty, 16 ash pits, 1 pit and 1 house. There are many stratigraphic relationships among them, which are of great value to the "Xia Shang Zhou dating project".

From February to December 2012, entrusted by the Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of cultural relics and Xi'an Municipal Bureau of cultural relics, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of archaeology jointly undertook the investigation and exploration project of FengHao site scope and underground remains distribution. The Fengjing site is in the charge of the third working group of Shaanxi, Institute of archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and the Haojing site is in the charge of Shaanxi Provincial Institute of archaeology.

Urban pattern

Plane layout

FengHao in the Western Zhou Dynasty is the first large-scale and orderly city in Chinese history. It is located on both sides of Fenghe River in the southwest of Xi'an. Fengjing is in the West and Haojing is in the East. Specifically, Fengjing is in Mawang town on the West Bank of Fenghe River, and Haojing is in Doumen town on the East Bank of Fenghe river. Although the wall of FengHao has not been found after archaeological excavation, the specific scope of Fengjing and Haojing has been determined, which proves that Fengjing and Haojing are very close to each other. In fact, they are connected by a bridge. They are two different functional divisions of a city, which can be completely matched by FengHao.

Although the plane layout of FengHao has not been confirmed by archaeology, the literature records are very specific. It is the earliest and most complete record of the plane layout of Chinese cities, and has great historical significance, because it has always guided the plane layout of Chinese capitals, and is regarded as a classic of the plane layout of Chinese capitals. This is "Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji".

"KAOGONGJI" said: "craftsmen run the country, square nine Li, side three doors; middle nine longitude and nine latitude, longitude and nine track; zuozu right community, facing the aftermarket, city court husband." The country here is the capital of the country. It is a square city, that is, a city of nine Li. Its overall layout is that there are three gates on each side of the city, namely 12 gates of the capital. There are nine north-south streets and nine East-West streets, namely nine longitudes and nine latitudes. That is to say, there are three parallel streets leading to each gate, forming a street pattern of left out and right in, and cars from the center. Jingtu 9-track refers to the path of both longitude and latitude Where eight feet If you accumulate 72 feet, you can paint it in 12 steps

. The width of each street is about 16 meters if it is 1.4 meters in one step. Zuozu YouSHE means that the ancestral temple is built in the East and the sheji altar is built in the west, which is symmetrical. Facing the aftermarket means that the court should be built in the south of the palace, or the gate of the Palace should be built in the south, and the market should be built in the north of the palace, that is, the court should be in the front, and the market should be in the back. Shichaoyifu refers to the place where the market is as big as Yifu, that is, fangbaibu, which is about 140 meters long from east to west, north to south. This proves that the Zhou Dynasty attached great importance to the setting of the market, and designated a certain area as the trading market, with an area of about 0.02 square kilometers. It is said that this layout is the most ideal system, that is, "the left is humane, so the ancestral temple is set on the left side of the palace; the right is respected by the tunnel, so the state society is set on the right side of the palace; the dynasty is righteous, so the Dynasty is set on the south side of the palace; the city is beneficial, so the city is set on the north side of the palace.".

In addition to the above streets, ancestral temples, state altar, palace and market, the rest of the area should be residential areas. How to call the residential area and how to divide it is not mentioned in Zhouli. According to the Convention of square city and the house sites excavated by Zhouyuan archaeology, it should be a square community, which may be called "Li", because "Luli" is the earliest name of Chinese residential area. ShuoWenJieZi: "Lu, the inner gate, and from the gate, LV Sheng. In Zhouli, the five families are compared and the five comparisons are Lu. Lu, LV, and 25 other families. " It refers to residential units. At the end of the Qin Dynasty, the second emperor made "Lu Zuo" to defend Yuyang

In the Han Dynasty, the residential area of Chang'an city was called Luli

And can prove that. In Sima Zhen's Suoyin, lvzuo refers to the left of living in Lvli. It can be seen that Lvli is the name of the earliest residential area.

Whether the plane layout of FengHao is so neat remains to be confirmed by archaeological excavation. However, judging from the layout of the Eastern Zhou royal city and the general layout of the later Chinese capital, the records of Zhouli should be credible. As a matter of fact, FengHao is the first big city with large scale and neat layout in Chinese history, which creates a precedent for the square, smooth and grand layout of Chinese cities, establishes the general regulation of Chinese urban layout, and has always been a model for the overall layout of later cities.

Peripheral Division

The social and economic functions of the extension areas of FengHao and Qinling are determined by their own unique natural environment and geographical conditions. In a broad sense, FengHao area extends to Laohe River in the west, JuShui River in the East, Weishui River in the north, and Qinling Mountains in the south. It is a vast area with mountains, rivers, plains and limits, and rivers, lakes, pools and rivers crisscross. In this vast area, according to the differences of their social and economic functions, they can be divided into the capital area, the mausoleum area, the agricultural planting area, the recreational fishing and hunting area and the pastoral area.

Metropolitan Area

FengHao and Beijing are located on the East and west sides of fengshui, opposite to each other across the river, with a straight-line distance of less than ten li. From a certain point of view, Haojing is actually the extension and expansion of Fengjing. The two cities are located in the closed terrain surrounded by mountains and rivers, and take the favorable natural geographical environment as the natural barrier. There is Jishui in the south, Jishui in the East, and Fengshui in the West. Fengshui turns to the east at Mawang village, forming the northern boundary of Haojing. The three rivers originated from Zhongnan of Qinling Mountains. The flow of the river is relatively rich and constant, forming the natural boundary river and trench to protect the periphery of Haojing. Fengjing is surrounded by rivers on three sides, and Qinling Mountains on the south is a barrier.

Recreation Area

Lingzao, Haizi, Biao pool, Ho pool and Fengshui are fish hunting areas and Emperor aristocratic recreation areas in the two capital regions. A large number of clam shells, snails and stone net pendants were found in FengHao site, indicating that fish hunting had become an important economic activity at that time

Chinese PinYin : Feng Gao Yi Zhi