Yongcheng site

Qin Yongcheng site

synonym

Yongcheng site (Shaanxi Baoji Qin site) generally refers to the Qin Yongcheng site

Qin Yongcheng site, located in the southern suburb of Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, is a national key cultural relics protection unit. Yongcheng is the ancient capital of the pre Qin Dynasty. From 677 BC to 383 BC, the state of Qin ruled Yongcheng for 294 years, which lasted for 19 dynasties. Yongcheng is the capital with the longest duration and the most ruling monarchs in the capital of Qin state, which is an important milestone in the development history of Qin state.

After more than 2000 years of historical changes, the ground buildings of Yongcheng, the capital of Qin Dynasty, have disappeared, but there are abundant underground remains.

On January 13, 1988, Qin Yongcheng site was announced as the third batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council. The existing Yongcheng site, the capital of Qin Dynasty, consists of three parts: Yongcheng site area, Qin Gong mausoleum park and Chinese tomb area. It is 10000 meters long from east to west and 5 kilometers wide from north to south. More than 3000 cultural relics have been unearthed.

The characteristics of the capital site and tombs of the Yongcheng site of the Qin Dynasty show the economic strength, culture and etiquette of the pre Qin Dynasty.

Historical evolution

As early as the Neolithic age, human beings lived and multiplied here. The Western Zhou Dynasty is a part of the Zhouyuan, which is one of the Wangji dependencies of the Western Zhou Dynasty. At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Duke Xianggong of Qin made great contributions in escorting King Ping to move eastward, so he became a vassal and granted the land of Qi Xi, which belonged to Yong.

In 677 BC, Qin moved its capital to Yong (now Fengxiang, Shaanxi). After that, Fengxiang became the capital of Qin.

In the 37th year of emperor mu of Qin Dynasty (623 B.C.), he became the king of filial piety, which laid the foundation for the great cause of the first emperor's unification of China.

Yongcheng site is located in the Loess Plateau on the North Bank of Weihe River in the west of Guanzhong, which is the southern suburb of Fengxiang county. It is the third batch of national key cultural relics protection units announced by the State Council on January 13, 1988.

Site repair

Since the beginning of the Qin Dynasty (677 BC), he lived in Dazheng palace in Yongcheng. For more than 290 years, Yongcheng was the political, military, cultural and economic center of Qin state. After the painstaking efforts of 19 monarchs, the Qin people completed the transition from the end of the clan society to the slave society, and began to move forward to the feudal society, which laid a solid foundation for the unification of the whole country.

As the capital of the country, Yongcheng built a huge city wall and magnificent palaces, becoming one of the developed cities in the country at that time. After Qin Xiangong moved to the East, Yongcheng lost its position as a political center, but as the old capital, the mausoleum and ancestral temple of Liezong of Qin people are still here, and many important ceremonies are still held in Yongcheng. Therefore, the Qin people continued to repair the palace buildings here.

Yongxian county was set up in Han Dynasty, and Yongcheng palace was still used in Qin Dynasty. The emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty also built a place for worshiping heaven and earth, namely, Bingwan, Mishi, Shangwan of Wuyang, Xiawan of Wuyang. According to Hanshu, from the 15th year of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty (165 BC) to the 1st year of emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty (8 BC), the emperors of Western Han Dynasty came to Yong to offer sacrifices to Wuhe 18 times, of which Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty offered sacrifices 8 times.

After the Han Dynasty, Yongcheng gradually declined. In the Tang Dynasty, it was renamed Fengxiang County, which is still in use today.

Cultural relics

Yongcheng site is divided into city site area, Qin Gong mausoleum park and Chinese tomb area.

The city is located in the south of Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, and the north of Yongshui river. The plane is irregular square, 3300 meters long from east to west and 3200 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of about 10.56 square kilometers. At present, more than 20 building sites have been found, among which the ancestral temple, court and other building sites are very important. The ancestral temple building sites have been excavated with clear layout and structure.

Qin Gong mausoleum is located in the southern suburb of the capital city of Sanyao yuan (known as Beiyuan in the spring and Autumn period), covering an area of about 21 square kilometers. At present, 14 sub mausoleums have been found, including 48 large tombs with the shape of "Zhong", "Jia", "Mu" and chariot pits. Among them, Qin Gong's tomb No. 1 and its affiliated pit No. 1 have been excavated, and a museum has been built for exhibition. Between the Qin Gong mausoleum park and Yongcheng city site is the tomb area of Chinese people, which is distributed along both sides of Yongshui river. Baqitun, Gaozhuang, Huangjiazhuang and other tomb areas have been excavated.

Unearthed relics

It is mainly made of pottery. There are a lot of tiles, tube tiles, tiles and bricks around the building sites. 64 pieces of copper building components were found in the palace area of yaojiagang. The components are divided into 10 types, such as square, wedge, square, flaky and small guatou. Gaowang Temple found a hoard, out of the Warring States bronze tripod, inlaid Sheyan pot, tongdun, gaidou, a total of 12 pieces. Most of the bronzes in the tombs of the Warring States period were burial objects. There are also new changes in the types of pottery, such as the shape of the shell, the shape of the cocoon pot, and the shape of the handrail.

chariot pit

A mysterious chariot pit was found in the southwest of Qin Gong No.1 tomb in Fengxiang, Baoji. There are a lot of chariot and horse tools, horse bones and other livestock bones in the chariot and horse pit. Che Ma Keng is very simple, rough, and has no wheels, which is very similar to the Yu Che specially used for sacrifice in the literature, that is, the wooden fake cart. It is inferred that it is the sacrificial pit of Qin Gong's tomb and belongs to Qin Gong's tomb No.1.

National highway of Western Han Dynasty

In 2011, six ancient roads were found in the Yongcheng site of the state of Qin. Through archaeological excavation, it was confirmed that one of the 140 meter long ancient roads was part of the Huizhong Road, a "National Road" in the Western Han Dynasty. The main road from the ancient palace was 18.3 meters wide, 21 meters wide near the intersection, and 20 cm thick. The width of ruts found are 1 m and 1.4 m respectively. Many rutting beams rolled by vehicles are still visible today, which is of great significance to the study of ancient road development history and urban change history.

Site protection

In 1978, Yongcheng cultural relics management office was set up in Fengxiang County, which set up protection signs, established data files, and was responsible for the daily protection of the site.

In 2006, the State Administration of cultural relics and the Ministry of Finance formulated the general plan for the protection of the great sites during the Eleventh Five Year Plan period, which included the Yongcheng site into the protection project of the great sites. In August 2007, Baoji Municipal Bureau of cultural relics and Baoji pre Qin Mausoleum Museum commissioned the cultural heritage protection planning center of Northwest University of Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of cultural relics to prepare the master plan for the protection of qinyongcheng site. The plan was discussed and approved by Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of cultural relics and relevant experts in April 2009 and submitted to the State Bureau of cultural relics. According to the opinions of the State Administration of cultural relics, the plan has been revised and improved for many times and finally approved.

The main contents of Qin Yongcheng site planning include Archaeology and protection projects, exhibition projects, infrastructure projects, environmental renovation and greening projects. On the basis of overall protection, reasonable and effective development and utilization can not only give play to its social education function, but also make it become a highlight in the development of regional tourism, which is of great significance to promote the development and development of Baoji cultural tourism Urban construction is bound to produce important significance.

Archaeological value

Since the 1950s, the archaeological excavation of the Qin Yongcheng site has never stopped. After more than ten years of preparation for preliminary basic investigation, archaeologists have carried out sporadic excavation of the site. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, archaeologists carried out a series of continuous excavation on the site, basically determined the pattern of Yongcheng site, and a large number of representative achievements were produced in that period.

In January 1988, Qin Yongcheng site was announced as the third batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council.

Since the 1990s, the research and excavation of the site have been further deepened. After decades of archaeological investigation and partial excavation, archaeologists found that Yongcheng site is divided into city site area, Qin Gong mausoleum park and Chinese tomb area. The site is an irregular square, 3300 meters long from east to west and 3200 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of about 10.56 square kilometers.

More than 20 building sites have been found. In the southwest of the city site area, the ancient "Lingyin site" containing ice has been found. The ancestral temple building site has been excavated with clear layout structure, which is an example of the existing high-level ancestral temple with complete layout.

Qin Gong mausoleum is located in the southern suburb of the capital city of sanwanyuan (known as Beiyuan in the spring and Autumn period), covering an area of about 21 square kilometers. There are 48 large tombs in the shape of "Zhong", "Jia" and "Mu" and 48 chariot and horse pits buried with them. Among them, the tomb No. 1 of Qin Gong, the largest wooden coffin tomb in China, has been displayed in a museum. Chinese tombs are located between Qin Gong mausoleum park and Yongcheng city site. They are distributed along both sides of Yongshui river. Baqitun, Gaozhuang and Huangjiazhuang tombs have been excavated, which provides material data for the study of the distribution and burial customs of small and medium-sized tombs in Qin state.

Cultural relics protection

In 2006, the relevant departments of the state formulated the general plan for the protection of the great sites during the Eleventh Five Year Plan period, which included the Yongcheng site into the protection project of the great sites.

In August 2007, Baoji Municipal Bureau of cultural relics and Baoji pre Qin Mausoleum Museum commissioned the cultural heritage protection planning center of Northwest University of Baoji Provincial Bureau of cultural relics to prepare the master plan for the protection of QinYong city ruins. Since 2008, 30 or 40 experts, teachers and students have participated in the preparation of the plan. In April 2009, after discussion and approval by the Provincial Bureau of cultural relics and relevant experts, the plan was submitted to the State Bureau of cultural relics.

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