Fucheng site

Fucheng site

Fuchecheng site is located in tiebujia village, Caiji Henan Province, shinaihai Township, Gonghe County, Hainan Province. It is an important ancient town connecting East and West transportation. It is about 15 Li East from Qinghai Lake. It is one of the most famous ancient city sites. "Fucha" is Xianbei language, which means "city of kings" in Chinese.

In 1986, the Fucheng site was designated as the fourth batch of cultural relics protection units by the people's Government of Qinghai Province. On October 7, 2019, the fushacheng site was selected into the list of the eighth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

historical origin

In 540 A.D., Tuyuhun Kua Lu ascended the throne and was named Khan. His capital was located here and was named fuchecheng.

It is said that fuchecheng was built by fulianchou, king of Tuguhun in the Northern Wei Dynasty. It has a history of more than 1500 years. At that time, the imperial court of the Northern Wei Dynasty appointed Fu lianchou as the general of the western expedition, the founder of Xihai County, and built a city here. In 540 ad, Kua Lu, the son of fulianchou, established the first feudal kingdom in the history of Qinghai, the kingdom of Tuguhun, and designated Fucheng as the capital. There is such a record in historical books: "Kua Lu Li was named Khan and lived in Fucheng. In the West thirteen li of Qinghai, although there is a city outline, it does not live there. "

geographical position

The ancient city is located in the north of shinaihai Township, Gonghe County, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province, in Caiji (qieji) Henan Province, in tiebujia village in the north of the township government, and about 15 li away from Qinghai Lake in the East. It is surrounded by a prairie with open area and rich water and grass. The location of the ancient city is very consistent with the historical records of "Kua Lu Li, who was named Khan from the beginning, lived in Fucheng, and lived fifteen Li west of Qinghai". The local people in this city call it "qiejiakuari", and the Tibetan word "Kuari" means the city, and the Han people call it "Jia", which means the Han City in qieji. Since ancient times, it has been a nomadic place for brothers. They have no habit of building a city and living there. With a long history, no one can tell its origin. They mistakenly think it was built by the Han people. In fact, it is the famous Tuguhun King City in the 6th-7th century.

Site features

The ancient city is still well preserved. Judging from the existing city site, it is square. The ancient city wall is 220 meters long from east to west and 200 meters wide from north to south. The base of the wall is 17 meters thick, with a door on the south wall, 10 meters wide and 12 meters high.

There is an axis in the city from the gate to the north. On both sides of the axis, there are three uplifted houses with a length of 50 meters and a width of 35 meters, which are connected with each other. In the west, there is a small square Court (also called small square city). It may be the foundation or palace of King Tuyuhun. It is 70 meters long from the east to the West and 68 meters wide from the north to the south. There is a rammed earth platform between the xiaofangyuan and the south city wall, 15 meters long and 9 meters wide. There are house relics on the platform. There are thoroughfares in the city, which are in the same direction as the city wall. The east-west and North-South directions are interwoven into a checkerboard layout. A large number of debris and pottery pieces were found in the city. The layout style of the city has the shadow of Han culture and the characteristics of Tugu Hunren. When you visit Fucheng, you can pass the charming Qinghai Lake, the natural grassland with green grass, and the majestic and beautiful Baixiang mountain. During the tour, you will enjoy your eyes and forget to return.

There are streets in the city. There used to be a rectangular outline around the ancient city, but now there is only the outline of the south wall, which is about 1400 meters long, and its height is only uplifted surface. The other three profiles were destroyed by river erosion.

On both sides of the city's central axis, several groups of architectural remains are still visible. In the west of the city, there is a small square city about 70 meters long and 70 meters wide, and outside the city, there are outer walls made of gravel. The north wall of Waiguo has been washed away by the river, and the complete south wall is 1400 meters long. This kind of architectural layout, which is based on the city inside, the city outside and the central axis, reflects the basic characteristics of the Han style city system, and has a national style, reflecting the diversity of Tuyuhun culture.

Site culture

Tuyuhun, a branch of Murong Xianbei, was originally active in Northeast China. In Yongjia of the Western Jin Dynasty, its leader, Tuyuhun, led the people to move to the Gansong area of paohan (today's Linxia of Gansu Province) in Longyou, and then occupied thousands of Li to the west of 40 (today's west of Qinghai Lake) and Xiji Prynne (today's south of Qaidam Basin of Qinghai Province). He took Tuyuhun as his surname and became the name of the tribe. Its range of activities includes Hainan, Haixi and the northern part of Guoluo. The northern part of Hainan and the eastern part of Haixi, which are close to the eastern agricultural zone and have good natural conditions, are its important base areas. Many important military activities are carried out in this area.

It is worth mentioning that in the history of Tuyuhun, there was a great leader, a CAI. He not only opened up his territory and "annexed the Diqiang people for thousands of miles and became a powerful country", but also made good neighborly relations with the two opposing regimes in the Central Plains, seeking stable external conditions and enabling Tuyuhun to recuperate and survive and develop. On his deathbed, he also left the famous story of "breaking the arrow to teach his son", which has been widely spread and become a good story through the ages. The arrow in the story has been worshipped as a "Dharma protector arrow" among Tu people in Qinghai Province. This event has a strong religious color, but in a certain sense, it seems to explain the subtle historical relationship between the Tu nationality and the ancient Tuyuhun nationality.

By the time of Kua Lu, the leader of Tuyuhun, the country was already quite powerful. In 540 A.D., "it was called Khan (King) at the beginning, and it was all Fu Cheng." In 609 ad, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty broke Tuyuhun and set up two prefectures, Xihai and Heyuan. The rule of Xihai was in Fucheng. At the end of the Sui Dynasty, wars broke out in the Central Plains and wars broke out everywhere. The rule of the Sui Dynasty was crumbling, and there was no power to take care of the border areas. Tuguhun people returned to their original base areas and rallied. They still took fuchucheng as the king's capital. Until the third year of longshuo (663 A.D.) of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty, Tuyuhun was destroyed by Tubo, which rose on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Fuchecheng has been the capital of Tuyuhun for at least 120 years.

Fuchou city is connected to Xiping (now Xining, Qinghai) and Jincheng (now Lanzhou, Gansu) in the East, Yizhou (now Chengdu, Sichuan) in the south, and Shanshan (now Luoqiang, Xinjiang) in the West. It once played an important role in the transportation between China and the West. Especially when the Hexi corridor was blocked from the fourth century to the sixth century, most of the eastern and Western business travelers traveled through the south of Qilian Mountains and the west of Qinghai to the south of Xinjiang. In this way, Fucheng has become an important hub in this traffic channel. Tuguhun people are good at business. Their caravans often appear in Yizhou and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. In 553 A.D., a huge caravan with 600 camels and mules and 240 people returned from the Eastern Wei Dynasty (DUYE City, now near Anyang, Henan Province) and transported back tens of thousands of colored silk at one time. Of course, they were also full of all kinds of goods. It is said that the Tuguhun people once got good horses from Persia, reflecting that they also had trade with Persia. In 1956, nearly 100 pieces of silver coins from the Sassanian Dynasty and the balusian Dynasty (457-483 A.D.) were excavated in huangmiao street of Xining. It is enough to show how important the East-West trade channel controlled by the Tuguhun people was at that time. The choice of Fucheng city as the king's capital by the Tuguhun people may have something to do with better controlling the traffic channel.

Historical evaluation

Because of its special shape and important geographical location, the fuchecheng site is of great significance to the study of the cultural relationship between the Tuguhun people and the Han people in the Central Plains and the history of the Tuguhun people.

Transportation guide

Qinghai Tibet railway and Qinghai Xinjiang highway are two main traffic arteries in parallel, passing through the south of Haixi, and provincial dedu highway connects Qinghai Xinjiang highway with Qinghai Tibet highway. Haixi is connected with Xining City, the provincial capital, in the East and Golmud City in the west by railway and highway, Dulan County in the South and Dunhuang City in the north, and Dachaidan Town, Lenghu Town, Huatugou town and Mangya town in the northwest by highway, which basically forms a transportation hub in the transportation network from Qinghai to Tibet, Qinghai to Xinjiang, and Qinghai to Hexi corridor. Haixi economy is a traffic channel economy, which flourishes with the prosperity of transportation. Its further development also depends on transportation, which is an important feature of Haixi economy.

Taking the Qinghai Tibet and Qinghai Xinjiang arteries as hubs, the transportation in the west of the Straits will further extend to the south, East and West, forming a modern transportation network extending in all directions. Moreover, with the reconstruction of the Qinghai Tibet railway and the improvement of the grade of the Qinghai Xinjiang highway, the transportation capacity of the arteries will be greatly increased. All these provide a very favorable environment for the further development of the channel economy Conditions.

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Chinese PinYin : Fu Si Cheng Yi Zhi