Zijingguan

Zijingguan

Zijingguan, one of the gates of the Great Wall, is located on the zijingling mountain, 40 kilometers west of Yi County, Hebei Province, China. It is one of the important roads for Hebei plain to enter Taihang Mountain. There is a risk that "one man is in charge, ten thousand men are not in front". In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was named wuruanguan, also known as puyinxing. It was ranked as the seventh of the eight Xing in Taihang and the fourth of the nine fortresses in the world. Zijingguan consists of five small cities: Xiaojin city on the North Bank of Juma River, Guancheng city on the south bank, xiaopanshi City, qifengkou city and Guanzuoling city.

After being listed as a world cultural heritage, Zijingguan has attracted more and more tourists. The beautiful scenery of ancient fortress, rich cultural relics and military history of Zijingguan will become a new tourist attraction in Yi County along with the Western Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty.

In 1996, Cercis chinensis was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

historical origin

Zijingguan was named jinpiguan in Song Dynasty. Later, it was renamed because there were many Bauhinia trees in the mountain. It is located between Juyong Pass and daoma pass, and is known as neisan pass. There are four stone inscriptions of "zisaijingcheng" on the original ticket of closing the door, which have fallen down. The four character stone inscription of "zisaijingcheng" is still in the south of Zijingguan town.

Zijingguan is located on the zijingling mountain, 45 kilometers northwest of Yi county. To the east of Zijingguan is Wanren mountain, with thousands of mountains and cliffs. To the west of Zijingguan is rhinoceros mountain, winding westward and connecting with panshikou. To the north of Zijingguan is Juma River, with wide valley, steep slope, high waves and rapid water. To the south of Zijingguan is Huangtuling mountain, with thousands of mountains and valleys on its back. The city of Zijingguan was built in a basin with two mountains and two slopes. It is one of the important passes of the inner Great Wall.

The ancients described its terrain and military position in an image: "in the south, it blocked the precipitous Road, in the north, it resisted the abyss of horses. It was similar to the floating picture as the gateway, and in the far distance, Xuanda was the fence. One pass is located in the middle, and the others are dangerous and flawed. The scale of the pass is magnificent, and it stands as the guarantee of the capital. " Located between Juyong and daoma, Zijingguan is known as "neisanguan".

geographical position

Zijingguan is located in zijingling, 45 kilometers northwest of Yi county. The location of Zijingguan is very important. The city of Zijingguan is built in a broad basin with mountains and rivers and two peaks facing each other. It forms a natural barrier around it. It is an important pass on the Great Wall in the west of Beijing. It is located between Juyong Pass and daoma pass. Together with Juyong Pass and daoma pass, it is called "neisanguan". Zijingguan is one of the important entrances to Taihang. It is the seventh of the eight paths of Taihang, which is called Puyin path.

Climatic characteristics

Located in the northern part of North China plain at n39 ° 25 ′ 37.49 ″ N and E115 ° 10 ′ 13.56 ″ e, Zijingguan is a temperate semi humid climate zone with cold and dry winter and hot and rainy summer. The winter is relatively long, 4.5-5 months, the average minimum temperature in January is - 20 ~ - 30 ℃; the wind is the largest in spring, and there are many gale days; the summer is not short, 2-3 months, the average temperature in July is 26-28 ℃, and the average maximum temperature is 30-32 ℃.

Zijingguan was called shangguguan in the Han Dynasty, wuruan Guan in the Eastern Han Dynasty, puyinjing and zizhuangguan in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is the seventh Xing in the eighth Xing of Taihang. It was named jinpoguan in the song and Jin Dynasties. Later, it was renamed Zijingguan because of the abundance of Bauhinia trees on the mountain.

the Warring States period

Zijingguan was first built in the Warring States period. It was rammed with earth and stone in the Han Dynasty. Later, it went through expansion and repair in various generations. In the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, it was built on stone strips, with brick surface and lime gravel pouring. Since emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty moved his capital to Beiping (Beijing), he has been building more and more. In the years of Zhengtong, Jingtai, Hongzhi, Jiajing, Wanli and Chongzhen, the city of Guancheng was rebuilt and expanded, castles and passes were added, and Panshan road was excavated, which made a relatively complete defense system of Zijingguan. "Ji Fu Tong Zhi" said: "control the danger of Xishan, for Yanjing upstream Road, through Xuanfu, Datong. Rugged valleys make it easy to guard. " There is a risk that "one man is in charge of the pass and ten thousand men are not allowed to open it.".

Architecture of Ming Dynasty

Since the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it has been known as the Zijingguan pass. In the early Ming Dynasty, large-scale reconstruction and new construction was one of the important passes of the inner Great Wall. It was located between Juyong and daoma passes, and the two passes were known as the inner three passes. Most of the existing buildings are in Ming Dynasty. There are four gates in Yuanguan, with the north and South gates as the main roads. There are "Zijingguan" and "heshandaili" in the north gate, and "zisaijincheng" in the south gate. They are all written and engraved in Wanli year of Ming Dynasty. There are walls on the East, West and south sides of Guancheng. Juma River is under the north wall. It is close to the mountain and faces the water. The situation is very dangerous. It is an important military area. The north gate and the north wall are built with massive stones, which are rare in the similar buildings in China.

Because of its dangerous terrain, it has been one of the important portals of the North China Plain since ancient times, and is a must for military strategists. The ancients described it as evidence: "the preciseness of Pandao in the South and the abyss of horse resistance in the north are similar to the floating picture as the gateway, and Xuanda as the barrier. One pass is located in the middle, and the others are dangerous and flawed. The scale of the pass is magnificent, and it stands as the guarantee of the capital. "

In history, there were more than 140 wars in Zijingguan, among which the most famous one was Genghis Khan's failure to attack Juyongguan in the first year of Jin Zhenyou (1213 A.D.). He divided his troops to defeat Jin Bing in Zijingguan and then attacked Juyongguan from the inside. After the civil engineering reform in 1449, the Mongolian Wara tribe broke through the Bauhinia pass and forced Beijing

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Structural features

Zijingguan was rammed with earth and stone in the Han Dynasty, and then expanded and repaired in various generations. In the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, it was built on stone strips, with the brick surface as the top, and filled with lime and gravel.

From the mainland to the first door of Zijingguan, the door is inlaid with a stone plaque, and the word "Zijingguan" is written horizontally. Inside the gate are eighteen plates leading to Guancheng. At the top of the road is Nantianmen, which passes through Nantianmen to the top of qifengling mountain. The stone plaque of "the first gate of Jifu" is embedded on the ticket. Entering the south gate is the double gate, and then inside is the triple gate, also known as the south gate. There is a urn city in the north gate, and a closed gate from the inner city to Huangtuling in the west side of the south gate. The main city of Zijingguan is divided into the East and the west, with civil and military Yamen in the East and troops in the West.

There are barracks and temples in front of the gate. Although these buildings have collapsed, the site is still clear. Stone plaques are also well preserved among the people. Inside the gate are eighteen plates leading to Guancheng. The whole journey is 10 kilometers, and the depth is more than 2.5 kilometers. All of them are Yangchang road. In the 12th year of Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty (1533 AD), the Taoist of Jingpo rebuilt the plate of Zijing pass. In the record, it is said: "in the south, there are eighteen stone paths (plates), which rise from the bottom to the top. They are as rugged as sheep's intestines. They lean on the rock in the East, the Bank of the day after tomorrow, and the caves and ravines in the West. However, the two capitals of Nancheng and the border of the Arctic are the places where most of the emigrants swim. We have set up a customs pass for this reason, with this insurance... " It can be seen that the ancient eighteen plates were not only the only way for the mainland to connect with the people of all ethnic groups in the north, but also the natural danger to resist the southern criminals of other ethnic groups.

At the top of the road is Nantianmen, which is also built in the canyon between the two mountains. The city wall starts from the top of Wanren mountain in the East and reaches the top of qifengling mountain through South Tianmen. The stone plaque of "the first gate in Jifu" is embedded on the ticket. There are two steles inlaid on the east wall of the gate: one is the record of rebuilding the road of Zijingguan by Taoist Jingpo, and the other is the seven temperament poem by Han Guang, the general of Ming Dynasty. On the west slope outside the gate, there is a tablet of "emperor YUEWU's office" written by Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty. Into the south gate is a double door, on both sides of the eight character wall to the left and right extension. Inside is the triple gate, also known as the south gate, but sitting on the east facing south, with the word "Zisai Jincheng" embedded on the ticket. The first paragraph is entitled "Meng Qiuji, the second Jester of Wanli in the 17th year", and the second paragraph is entitled "Han Guang, the imperial envoy guarding the Zijingguan pass". There is an urn in the north gate, and there is a plaque on the ticket. The north gate faces to the East, with two inscriptions on the forehead. The upper inscription is "river and mountain lead Li", the upper inscription is "Wanli Dinghai summer", the lower inscription is "Liaocheng Fuguang House book", and the lower inscription is "Zijingguan".

Wenwu Yamen

On the west side of Nantianmen, there is a gate leading from the inner city to Huangtuling, facing the south, with the title of "Yanghe gate". The main city of Zijingguan is divided into two parts: the East is separated by a wall, the east by a civil and military yamen, and the west by a garrison. There are walls in the East, West, South and outside the walls of Guancheng, forming three small cities encircling the main city.

There is Huangtuling city outside Yanghe. Although there is a small new town on the North Bank of the Mahe River, it faces the west of the main city across the river and is connected by iron cables, which is the outpost of Guancheng. The total length of the wall of Zijingguan is 18160.5 meters. There are 9 gates, 4 Watergates and 19 battle platforms. The grand pass is magnificent and the terrain is dangerous. The ancient literati described it as "a winding wall with thousands of miles and a thousand peaks blocking the gate.". The wind is strong in the valley of the Qin Dynasty, and the pressure is strong in the valley of the Zhao Lou. " "Zisaijincheng". Zijingguan has a long history and many cultural relics. The ancient military water wells and milling plates are still well preserved; the ancient plank road is still clear and recognizable; ancient seals, ancient coins, ancient clothing and ornaments have been found many times.

Cultural details

Zijingguan, known as "the first Xiongguan in the south of the capital", has experienced more than 130 wars. After Chengzu of Ming Dynasty moved his capital to Beijing, Juyongguan, as the north gate of Beijing, was an important barrier against the invasion of foreign nationalities from the north. But history has proved that Zijingguan is in an irreplaceable strategic position in defending the capital. Ming General Yu Qian once said: "if there are risks, then there are priorities. Juyong and Bauhinia are the throat of Gyeonggi. Those who try Juyong first and then Bauhinia don't know that kouyan Juyong gets three out of ten and kouyan Bauhinia gets seven out of ten." Gu Yanwu (Mr. Tinglin), a thinker in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, put it more clearly in the book of the diseases of the prefectures and countries in the world: "mediocrity is my back, Bauhinia is my throat, sudden urgency is my throat and attached to my back." Many war cases in history show that this conclusion is correct.

It is well preserved

Twenty years of Jianwu in Eastern Han Dynasty

Chinese PinYin : Zi Jing Guan