city square

city square

Ancient Greek city square, such as the central square of Punan City, is a place for citizens to carry out religious, commercial and political activities. The central square of the city built in ancient Rome was used as a market and public meeting place at the beginning. Later, it was also used as a place for announcement, trial, celebration and so on. It usually concentrated a large number of religious and commemorative buildings. In the center of the turajan square in Rome, there is a bronze statue of the turajan emperor on horseback. In the courtyard behind basilica (rectangular Hall) on the side of the square, there stands a 43 meter high turajan Memorial column with a bronze statue of the emperor on the top to show off the majesty of the imperial power. After Europe entered the feudal period in the 5th century, the city life centered on religious activities, and the square became the vestibule of church and city hall. The Piazza del capo in Siena, Italy, is an example.

In order to meet the needs of a variety of urban social life, it is a node type urban outdoor public activity space with a certain theme and scale, which is surrounded by buildings, roads, mountains and rivers, terrain, and composed of a variety of soft and hard landscapes, using pedestrian means of transportation.

Historical evolution

During the Renaissance of Europe from the 15th to the 16th century, due to the increase of public activities and the prosperity of Ideological and cultural fields, a number of famous city squares appeared, such as St. Peter's Square and cabido's Square in Rome. The latter is a municipal square, which is located on the cappido mountain of Rome, overlooking the whole city. It is a symbol of Rome. Venice city's St. Mark's square style elegant, perfect and harmonious spatial layout, known as the "living room of Europe.". Concorde square and Nancy square in Paris of France from 17th to 18th century are the representative works of that time.

In the late 19th century, with the development of industry, the rapid increase of population and motor vehicles in the city, the nature and function of the city square changed. Many old squares have become traffic squares, such as the star square and Concorde square in Paris. The emergence of modern urban planning theory and modern architecture, the increase of traffic speed, caused the change of the spatial organization and scale concept of city square, produced a new spatial layout form like Brasilia Sanquan square.

There was no public square in ancient Chinese cities. There is only a vestibule in front of the temple, and some have a stage for public activities such as temple fairs. In addition, many small towns also have markets for commercial activities and distribution squares at docks and bridgeheads. The vestibule in front of the government office is not for public activities. On the contrary, it requires them to be quiet and avoid. This is more prominent in the planning and layout of ancient capitals. For example, there are palace squares in front of the palace or the Imperial City, but they are not open. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing set up a T-shaped Palace Square with both horizontal and vertical streets (today's anmen Square). On both sides of the vertical square, there are Qianbu corridor and central government offices. There are heavy doors at the entrances on three sides of the square. It is forbidden for citizens to enter, which shows the atmosphere of the Forbidden Palace.

type

According to the main function, use and location of the square in the urban transportation system, it can be divided into assembly and procession square (including citizen square, memorial square, life square, culture square, Recreation Square), transportation square, commercial square, etc. But this kind of classification is relative. In reality, each type of square has some functions of other types of square more or less

Memorial square

For buildings of great memorial significance, such as statues, monuments, memorial halls, etc., landscaping is arranged in or around the vestibule for the masses to look forward to, commemorate or carry out traditional education, such as Nanjing Zhongshan Mausoleum square. The design should be combined with the terrain to make the main building prominent, proportional and solemn. St. Peter's Square in Rome is a famous Memorial square.

Commercial Plaza

For commercial activities, it is generally located in prosperous commercial areas. Commercial buildings, theaters and other service facilities can be arranged around the square; sometimes the commercial square is combined with the Pedestrian Commercial Street. The market trade square in the town also belongs to the commercial square.

Famous square

tian'anmen square

Tiananmen Square is located in the center of Beijing. It is 880 meters long from north to South and 500 meters wide from east to west. It covers an area of 440000 square meters and can accommodate 1 million people to hold a grand gathering. It is the second largest city square in the world.

Tiananmen Square records the indomitable revolutionary spirit and fearless heroism of Beijing people. The May 4th movement, the January 29 movement and the May 20 movement all left a strong color for the history of modern Chinese revolution here. After the founding of new China, Tiananmen Square was widened and a monument to the people's heroes was built in the center of the square. Later, the Great Hall of the people was built in the west of the square, the Chinese Revolution Museum and the Chinese history museum were built in the East, and the Chairman Mao memorial hall was built in the south.

Tiananmen tower is located at the north end of the square. Tiananmen Gate was built in 1417, the 15th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty. It was originally named chengtianmen, and was rebuilt in 1651. There are five gates and nine towers, 33.7 meters high. On the base of more than 2000 square meters of exquisitely carved white and Han jade Xumi, there are red and white piers and abutments more than 10 meters high, on which is the resplendent Tiananmen tower. Under the tower is the sparkling Jinshui River, on which there are five exquisite carved white marble Jinshui bridges. In front of the tower, two pairs of vigorous stone lions and elegant Chinese watches are skillfully combined to make Tiananmen a perfect masterpiece of architectural art.

On October 1, 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong announced the founding of the people's Republic of China on the Tiananmen Square and raised the first five-star red flag. Since then, Tiananmen tower has become a symbol of new China, and its solemn image is an important part of China's national emblem.

Red Square in Moscow Russia

Red Square is a famous square in the center of Moscow, the capital of Russia. It is located in the center of Moscow and adjacent to the Kremlin in the southwest. It used to be a place where mass rallies and military parades were held on important festivals in the former Soviet Union. It was set up at the end of the 15th century and took its present name in the latter half of the 17th century. It is a rectangular plane with an area of about 4 hectares. To the west is the Kremlin, to the north is the National Museum of history, to the East is the department store, and to the south is the Basilica. Near the Moscow river. Lenin's mausoleum is located in the middle of the palace wall. On both sides of the tomb are viewing platforms.

The international popularity of Red Square is far greater than that of Tiananmen Square, but it is not as big as expected. It covers an area of 91000 square meters, only about one fifth of Tiananmen Square. The ground is very unique. It is all paved with stones, which is ancient and sacred. Red Square is the witness of Moscow's history and the pride of Moscow people.

The ground of Red Square is very unique. It is all paved with stones. On the west side of red square are the red walls and three towers of Lenin's tomb and the Kremlin. Between Lenin's tomb and the red walls of the Kremlin, there are 12 tombstones, including those of Stalin, Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko, dzerzhinsky and other former Soviet politicians. On the south side of Red Square is the most classic symbol of Moscow's Basilica; on the north side is the National Museum of history, which was built in 1873 and is also a landmark of Moscow. There are also statues of World War II hero Marshal Zhukov and tombs of unknown martyrs built to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the victory of World War II nearby. To the East is one of the ten famous department stores in the world.

Public activity square

Generally, it is a political square, which should have large space for mass meetings, processions, festival celebrations and other activities. It is usually set up in the central area with trunk roads, which is convenient for traffic concentration and evacuation. Its scale and layout depend on the nature of the city, the number of meetings and processions, the distribution of traffic and people, and the requirements of architectural art, such as Beijing Tiananmen Square.

Distribution square

The square in front of all kinds of buildings for a large number of vehicles and people is generally an important traffic hub of a city, so the traffic distribution should be reasonably organized in the planning. In the design, the traffic flow and people flow should be smooth and safe according to the characteristics of different squares.

The distribution square in front of the station includes the square set in front of the airport, station, wharf, etc. In the design, the layout should be unified according to the characteristics of traffic flow and people flow in the square in front of the station, so as to minimize the interference between people and cars. For example, the entrance and exit of the station building should be arranged together with the subway station, public transport station, taxi station, parking lot, etc., so as to reduce the intersection of main traffic flow and people flow. When the traffic flow and people flow are very heavy, the underpass or overpass can be built so that passengers can directly arrive at the platform of public transport facilities from the station building without interference from other traffic flow. For example, the entrance and exit of the railway station can be transferred underground with the subway station and public transport station, so as to reduce the number of passengers carrying heavy objects up and down, shorten the transfer distance, and reduce the intersection of passenger flow and traffic flow. In addition to the station building and the above traffic facilities, necessary service facilities such as parking lot, post and telecommunications office, restaurant, department store, hotel, etc. shall be arranged for the building in front of the station, and appropriate greening shall be arranged. The square in front of the station (port) is the gate for passengers to enter the city. With convenient transportation, considerate service facilities and coordinated architectural form, people will have a good impression of the city.

Stadiums, exhibition halls, parks, cinemas, hotels and other large public buildings in front of the square is also a distribution square, should ensure smooth traffic flow and pedestrian safety. The layout of the square should match with the main building, and the greening should be arranged properly. Arrange parking lots for motor vehicles and bicycles according to actual needs.

Traffic Square

Chinese PinYin : Cheng Shi Guang Chang