The Three Memorial Edifices of Confucius in Qufu

Three holes

synonym

The three Confucius in Qufu generally refer to the three Confucius (the Confucius Mansion, the Confucius Temple and the Confucius forest in Qufu)

The three Confucius in Qufu, Jining, Shandong Province, are all called "three Confucius" in Qufu. They commemorate Confucius and are the holy land of worshiping Confucians. They praise Confucianism and are famous for their rich cultural heritage, long history, grand scale, rich cultural relics collection and scientific and artistic value.

Qufu in Jining, Shandong Province is the hometown of Confucius. Confucius opened the forum to teach and initiated Confucian culture, which has been deeply imprinted on Chinese history for more than 2000 years. Confucian culture, represented by Confucius, has shaped the ideological, political and social system of China according to its own ideals, and has become the cornerstone of the whole Chinese culture. In 1994, Confucius Temple, Confucius forest and Confucius Mansion were listed in the world heritage list by the United Nations.

Confucius Temple was rebuilt in 478 BC, the second year after the death of Confucius, on the basis of the former residence of Confucius, Duke AI of Lu. After successive dynasties, especially the Tang and Song Dynasties, it has been continuously expanded and renovated, and its scale has become larger and larger. Now it has become an outstanding ancient building covering an area of more than 600 mu. In the second year of Yuanhu reign of emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty, 360 halls and verandas were built. They were rebuilt in the 12th year of Hongzhi reign of Ming Dynasty, which lasted for five years and consumed more than 150000 liang of silver.

Confucius' mansion, or "Yansheng mansion", is the residence of Confucius' eldest son and grandson. It covers an area of 240 mu. The former is the official yamen, and the latter is the inner house, which is a typical building of Yamen house integration in the feudal society of our country.

Konglin, also known as "zhishenglin", is a special cemetery for Confucius and his family. It is also the longest family cemetery in the world. The perimeter of the forest wall is 7 km, and there are more than 20000 ancient trees in it. It is an ancient man-made garden. After the death of Confucius, his disciples brought exotic flowers and trees from all over the country to plant here. Since then, with the gradual improvement of his status, its scale has become larger and larger. During the Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, it expanded to 18 hectares. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, it was planned to expand to 3000 mu, and now there are more than 100000 trees in the forest, making it the largest artificial garden in China.

Confucius, the sage

Confucius (551-479 BC), named Qiu, was born in the late spring and Autumn Period in the state of Lu. His ancestors were aristocrats of the state of song, who declined a few generations before Confucius. Confucius served as a minor official when he was young, but he spent most of his life in education. According to legend, he received 3000 disciples and taught many students with knowledge and talent. At the end of the spring and Autumn period, a thinker, educator and the founder of Confucianism, he was known as "the sage of heaven" and "the Mu duo of heaven" when he was alive. He was one of the most erudite in the society at that time, and was respected as the most sage (the sage among the saints) and the model of all ages. Because their parents had prayed in nichu mountain for the birth of a son, they were named nichu. They were from zouyi (now Southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province) of the state of Lu. He had compiled poems and books, established rites and music, prefaced the book of changes, and wrote spring and autumn. The thought and theory of Confucius had a profound influence on later generations.

Confucius is a great philosopher in the spring and Autumn period from the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC

Scientists, politicians and educators. Confucius' temples, cemeteries and mansions are located in Qufu, Shandong Province. Confucius Temple was built in 478 BC to commemorate Confucius. It has been destroyed and built for thousands of years. Today, it has developed into a complex of more than 100 temples. In the forest of Confucius, there are not only the tombs of Confucius, but also more than 100000 of his descendants. The original small house of Confucius has now been expanded into a huge and prominent mansion, including 152 halls. The unique artistic and historical characteristics of Qufu's ancient buildings are due to the great esteem of Confucius by Chinese emperors in the past 2000 years.

The reason why Qufu, the main scenic spot, is famous all over the world is closely related to the name of Confucius. Confucius is one of the greatest philosophers in the world and the founder of Chinese Confucianism. In the long history of more than 2000 years, Confucian culture has gradually become the orthodox culture of China, and has influenced the countries in East and Southeast Asia, and has become the cornerstone of the whole oriental culture. Qufu's Confucius Mansion, Confucius Temple and Confucius forest, collectively referred to as "three Confucius", is a symbol of China's history of commemorating Confucius and advocating Confucianism. It is famous for its rich cultural heritage, long history, grand scale, rich cultural relics collection and scientific and artistic value. Because of its prominent position in Chinese history and oriental culture, it is honored as one of the three holy cities in the world.

Confucius Mansion

essential information

The original name of Confucius Mansion is Yansheng mansion. Located in the east of Confucius Temple, it is the office of Confucius' eldest grandson. Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, offered sacrifices to Confucius' tomb and made Confucius' ninth grandson the king of worship, representing the state. In the Song Dynasty, it was granted the title of Yan Shenggong. In the 10th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, an independent Yansheng government was established. There are more than 480 buildings, halls and halls. The former is the government office, and the latter is the inner house. There are famous Confucius archives and a large number of cultural relics in the mansion.

Confucius' mansion, known as "the first house in the world", is the residence of Confucius' lineage for a long time. It is also a typical building of the combination of government office and inner residence in Chinese feudal society. After the death of Confucius, the descendants of Confucius lived next to the temple for generations to take care of Confucius' relics. By the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the houses of the descendants of Confucius were expanded to dozens, and by the Jin Dynasty, the houses of the descendants of Confucius were expanded,

The descendants of Confucius have always been on the east side of the temple. With the promotion of Confucius' official position and the improvement of his title, the buildings of Confucius' mansion continue to expand. It is the largest mansion in China next only to the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Confucius Mansion covers an area of 7.4 hectares, with 480 ancient buildings. It is divided into nine courtyards in front and back, with three roads in the middle, East and West.

The gate of Confucius' mansion is a five purlin hanging mountain style building, and the plaque reads "Shengfu" written by Yan Song of Ming Dynasty. There is a couplet on both sides of the door, a pair of "with Guoxian Xiu an Fu Zunrong mansion, the same day and old article moral sage", in which the word "Fu" is a little less, implying "wealth without a head", and the word "Zhang" is a vertical to the top, implying "article to heaven". This couplet summarizes the style of "sage family" for thousands of years.

Following the example of the six ministries of the feudal dynasty, the Confucius government set up six halls. On both sides of the two gates, they were Guangou hall, Baihu hall, classics hall, sile hall, Zhiyin hall, Zhangshu hall and public administration hall. Ming Dynasty building, a total of five deep three, spacious and generous, for the year read the edict, meet officials, trial of major cases.

The Confucius Mansion covers an area of 240 mu, with 463 halls, halls, buildings and rooms. Nine into the courtyard, three road layout: the east road is the east school, jianyiguan hall, muen hall, Kongs family temple and workshops; the west road is the west school, hongyuxuan, Zhongshu hall, Anhuai hall and Huating hall; the main part of the Confucius Mansion is in the Middle Road, the front is the government office, the front is three halls and six halls, the back is the inner house, the front upper room, the front and back hall, the auxiliary building, the back six rooms, and finally the garden.

Historical evolution

In the first year of the first year of the reign of emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius was granted the title of Baocheng marquis. In the middle ages, Confucius was granted the title of Wen Xuan Gong by Wei and Jin Dynasties, southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, Confucius was granted the title of "Shi Yan Sheng Gong" by song Renzong and in the second year of he.

gate

Kongfu is located in the center of Qufu City, facing south and north is a big pink wall. On the left and right sides of the gate, there are a pair of round carved male and female stone lions more than 2 meters high. The red edged and black painted gate is inlaid with the head of lion dragon shop. The plaque of "holy mansion" with blue background and gold characters is hanging high above the middle of the gate. A pair of couplets with blue background and gold characters are hanging on the pillars on both sides of the gate: the same day as guoxianxiu Anfu Zunrong mansion, the same day as the old moral sage. It is said that this couplet was written by Ji Jun of Qing Dynasty. The beauty of words vividly illustrates the prominent position of Confucius in feudal society. It goes without saying that the tone of this couplet is so big that it is thought-provoking that the word "Fu" in the upper couplet is "An Fu Zun Rong", while the word "Wen De De" in the lower couplet is "Zhang De". As can be seen from the above figure, the word "Fu" is a little less, and the word "Zhang" is a little more, which means that Yan Sheng's official position is listed as a grade, and the land is thousands of acres, so naturally the top of wealth is gone; Confucius and his theory "virtue is equal to heaven and earth, Taoism is ancient" Today, the "rites, music and Dharma" of the sage's house can coexist with heaven and earth, the sun and the moon.

Two doors

Passing through the first narrow courtyard is the second gate of the middle road of Confucius' mansion, commonly known as the second gate. The gate was built in the Ming Dynasty. The lintel of the gate is hung high. Li Dongyang, a poet of the Ming Dynasty, a minister of the Ministry of official affairs, and a scholar of wenyuange, wrote a vertical plaque of "the gate of saints" in his handwriting. Under it, there is a valve for reading and a stone drum for holding. There is an axillary gate and an auricle on the left and right sides of the main gate. In feudal society, usually only the armpit door, the main door does not open, in order to show solemnity.

Chongguang gate

The entrance to the sage is a small and unique screen door. It was built in 1503, the 16th year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty. The door is made of wood and is not connected with the walls. It is an independent courtyard, similar to the sheltered door. The top of the screen door is covered with grey tiles. The lintel of the gate is called "Chongguang gate" because of the plaque "bestowed by Ming Shizong". Under the four columns of the door, there are stone drums, on which the painted roof is supported. There are four Inverted wood carvings on the front and back of the door with golden flower buds, so it is also called "chuihuamen". It is of great research value in construction technology. In the past, the Chongguang gate was not open at ordinary times. It was only opened at the ceremony of Confucius' mansion, when the emperor was lucky, when the imperial edict was read out, and when a major ceremony of offering sacrifices to Confucius was held.

Chongguang gate isolated the front yard from the back yard because it was in an independent hospital

Chinese PinYin : Qu Fu San Kong